Reference · Gokhshtein Media

Glossary

The terms behind the news, explained in plain English for people with money on the line. 755 entries across markets, crypto, the Fed, trade, AI and chips, and politics. Each one links to the topic it belongs to and the latest stories that use it.

Updated September 26, 2026

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2-year Treasury yieldThe 2-year Treasury yield is the interest rate paid on a U.S. Treasury note that matures in two years, reflecting short-term interest rate expectations.Federal Reserve
10-year Treasury yieldThe 10-year Treasury yield is the interest rate paid on a U.S. Treasury bond that matures in 10 years, a key benchmark for financial markets.Federal Reserve
13F filingA 13F filing is a quarterly report filed by institutional investment managers with the SEC, disclosing their equity holdings.Earnings
19b-4 filingA 19b-4 filing is a proposal submitted to the SEC by an exchange to change its rules, often to list new financial products like ETFs.Crypto ETFs
51% attackA 51% attack occurs when a single entity or group controls more than half of a blockchain network's total mining hash rate.Bitcoin
401(k)A 401(k) is an employer-sponsored retirement savings plan that allows employees to contribute pre-tax income, growing tax-deferred until withdrawal in retirement.Earnings

Abraham AccordsThe Abraham Accords are a series of normalization agreements signed in 2020 between Israel and several Arab nations, brokered by the U.S.Middle East
Account abstractionAccount abstraction is an Ethereum upgrade that unifies externally owned accounts (EOAs) and smart contract accounts (SCAs) into a single, more flexible account type.Ethereum
Accredited investorAn accredited investor is an individual or entity meeting specific income or net worth thresholds, allowing them to participate in certain private market offerings.Crypto Regulation
Activist investorAn activist investor buys a significant stake in a public company to influence its management or strategy, aiming to increase shareholder value.Earnings
Adjusted EBITDAAdjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that modifies EBITDA to exclude specific non-recurring or non-operational expenses or income.Earnings
ADR delisting riskADR delisting risk refers to the possibility that American Depositary Receipts of Chinese companies may be removed from U.S. stock exchanges.U.S.–China
Advanced packagingAdvanced packaging refers to sophisticated chip assembly techniques that connect multiple integrated circuits or chiplets into a single, high-performance package.Semiconductors
After-hours tradingAfter-hours trading is the period after the official stock market close when investors can continue to trade securities.Earnings
Agentic AIAgentic AI describes artificial intelligence systems designed to perform complex tasks autonomously by breaking them down into sub-goals and acting sequentially.Artificial Intelligence
AI acceleratorAn AI accelerator is specialized hardware designed to speed up artificial intelligence computations, particularly for machine learning and deep learning tasks.Semiconductors
AI agentAn AI agent is an autonomous artificial intelligence program that perceives its environment, makes decisions, and acts to achieve specific goals.Artificial Intelligence
AI alignmentAI alignment is the research field focused on ensuring artificial intelligence systems act in ways that are beneficial, safe, and aligned with human values and intentions.Artificial Intelligence
AI benchmarkAI benchmarks are standardized tests used to evaluate the performance, efficiency, and capabilities of artificial intelligence models and hardware.Artificial Intelligence
AI data centerAn AI data center is a specialized facility optimized with high-performance hardware, primarily GPUs, to train and deploy artificial intelligence models.Artificial Intelligence
AI in tradingAI in trading uses artificial intelligence, including machine learning, to analyze market data, predict price movements, and execute trades automatically.Artificial Intelligence
AI licensing dealAn AI licensing deal is a commercial agreement where one entity grants another the right to use its artificial intelligence technology, models, or data for a fee.Artificial Intelligence
AI safetyAI safety is the field of research dedicated to ensuring that artificial intelligence systems, especially advanced ones, operate reliably, ethically, and without causing unintended harm.Artificial Intelligence
AI searchAI search leverages artificial intelligence to understand user queries and provide more relevant, comprehensive answers than traditional keyword matching.Artificial Intelligence
AI startup valuationAI startup valuation is the process of estimating the monetary worth of a privately held artificial intelligence company, often at early stages of development.Artificial Intelligence
AirdropAn airdrop is a marketing strategy where free cryptocurrency tokens are distributed to specific wallet addresses, often to promote a new project.Ethereum
Algorithmic stablecoinAn algorithmic stablecoin uses automated smart contracts and economic incentives to maintain its price peg to a fiat currency without direct fiat reserves.Stablecoins
Algorithmic tradingAlgorithmic trading uses computer programs to execute trades based on predefined rules, eliminating human intervention in decision-making and execution.Artificial Intelligence
All-time highAn all-time high is the highest price a stock, index, or other financial asset has ever reached in its history.Earnings
AlphaAlpha measures an investment's performance relative to a benchmark index, indicating the value added by a fund manager.Earnings
AltcoinAn altcoin is any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin, often developed to offer distinct features, improvements, or specific use cases compared to Bitcoin.Ethereum
Altcoin ETFAn altcoin ETF is an exchange-traded fund that holds cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin, often focusing on a single altcoin or a basket of them.Crypto ETFs
Analyst ratingAn analyst rating is a recommendation by a financial analyst on whether to buy, sell, or hold a particular stock.Earnings
Answer engineAn answer engine is a type of AI search that provides direct, synthesized answers to user queries rather than a list of links.Artificial Intelligence
Anti-dumping dutyAn anti-dumping duty is a protectionist tariff imposed by a domestic government on foreign imports believed to be priced below fair market value.Tariffs & Trade
Anti-money launderingAnti-money laundering (AML) refers to a set of laws, regulations, and procedures designed to prevent criminals from disguising illegally obtained funds as legitimate income.Crypto Regulation
Antitrust reviewAn antitrust review is a government examination of proposed mergers or acquisitions to ensure they do not create monopolies or unfairly reduce competition.Earnings
Approval ratingAn approval rating is a percentage indicating public support for a political figure or institution, typically measured through polling.Elections
Artificial general intelligenceArtificial general intelligence, or AGI, refers to hypothetical AI that can understand, learn, and apply intelligence across a wide range of tasks at a human-like or superhuman level.Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence (AI) is a broad field of computer science that enables machines to perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence.Artificial Intelligence
ASICAn ASIC is a custom-designed integrated circuit optimized for a specific application rather than general-purpose computing tasks.Semiconductors
Assets under managementAssets under management (AUM) is the total market value of all investments managed by a financial institution or fund on behalf of clients.Crypto ETFs
Authorized participantAn authorized participant (AP) is a financial institution that acts as a middleman between an ETF issuer and the market, creating and redeeming ETF shares.Crypto ETFs
Automated market makerAn automated market maker (AMM) is a protocol that uses mathematical formulas and liquidity pools to price assets and facilitate peer-to-pool trading on decentralized exchanges.Ethereum
Automotive chipsChips designed for vehicles manage everything from engine control and infotainment to advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous driving.Semiconductors
Autonomous vehiclesAutonomous vehicles are self-driving cars, trucks, or other vehicles that can perceive their environment and navigate without human input.Artificial Intelligence

BacklogBacklog is the accumulation of unfulfilled customer orders or services that have been booked but not yet delivered or recognized as revenue.Earnings
Balance of paymentsThe balance of payments (BOP) is a comprehensive record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period.Tariffs & Trade
Ballot measureA ballot measure is a proposed law, constitutional amendment, or bond issue that voters directly approve or reject in an election.Elections
Bank charterA bank charter is a license granted by a state or federal regulator, permitting an institution to operate as a bank and offer banking services.Crypto Regulation
Bank of EnglandThe Bank of England (BoE) is the central bank of the United Kingdom, responsible for maintaining monetary and financial stability.Federal Reserve
Bank of JapanThe Bank of Japan (BOJ) is Japan's central bank, responsible for maintaining price stability and ensuring the stability of the financial system.Federal Reserve
Bank reservesBank reserves are cash a bank holds in its vault or on deposit at a central bank, used to meet customer withdrawals and interbank obligations.Federal Reserve
Bank runA bank run occurs when a large number of depositors simultaneously withdraw their money from a bank due to fears of its insolvency.Federal Reserve
Bank stress testA bank stress test is a regulatory exercise that assesses a bank's ability to withstand severe economic downturns or financial shocks.Federal Reserve
Bankruptcy (Chapter 7)Chapter 7 bankruptcy is a legal process where a company or individual liquidates assets to pay creditors, resulting in the complete cessation of business operations for companies.Earnings
Bankruptcy (Chapter 11)Chapter 11 bankruptcy is a legal process that allows businesses to reorganize their debts and operations while continuing to function.Crypto Regulation
Base feeThe base fee is a mandatory component of Ethereum transaction costs, dynamically adjusted by EIP-1559 based on network congestion, which is then burned.Ethereum
Basis pointA basis point is a common unit of measure in finance, equal to one-hundredth of a percentage point (0.01%).Federal Reserve
Basis tradeA basis trade is an arbitrage strategy that exploits the price difference between an asset's spot price and its futures contract price.Crypto ETFs
Bear marketA bear market is a sustained period of declining stock prices, typically defined as a 20% or more drop from recent highs.Earnings
Beat and raise"Beat and raise" describes a company that reports quarterly earnings and revenue that exceed analyst estimates while also increasing its future financial guidance.Earnings
Beige BookThe Beige Book is a qualitative report published eight times a year by the Federal Reserve, summarizing current economic conditions across its 12 districts.Federal Reserve
Belt and Road InitiativeChina's Belt and Road Initiative is a global infrastructure development strategy to connect Asia with Africa and Europe through investments in roads, railways, ports, and energy.U.S.–China
BetaBeta measures the volatility of a stock or portfolio in relation to the overall market, indicating its systematic risk.Earnings
Bid-ask spreadThe bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay and the lowest price a seller is willing to accept for a security.Earnings
BitcoinA decentralized digital currency operating on a peer-to-peer network without central authority, enabling secure transactions recorded on a public ledger.Bitcoin
Bitcoin CoreBitcoin Core is the original and most widely used open-source software implementation of the Bitcoin protocol, maintained by developers.Bitcoin
Bitcoin cycleA Bitcoin cycle refers to the recurring patterns of price movements, often observed in relation to the bitcoin halving events.Bitcoin
Bitcoin dominanceBitcoin dominance is a metric that measures Bitcoin's market capitalization as a percentage of the total cryptocurrency market capitalization.Bitcoin
Bitcoin futures ETFA Bitcoin futures ETF is an exchange-traded fund that invests in Bitcoin futures contracts, providing indirect exposure to Bitcoin's price without holding the actual cryptocurrency.Crypto ETFs
Bitcoin halvingThe Bitcoin halving is an event occurring approximately every four years that reduces the block reward for miners by 50%, decreasing the rate of new Bitcoin creation.Bitcoin
Bitcoin nodeA Bitcoin node is a computer running Bitcoin software that validates transactions and blocks, maintaining a copy of the blockchain.Bitcoin
Bitcoin treasury companyA Bitcoin treasury company is a publicly traded corporation that holds a significant portion of its corporate reserves or treasury in Bitcoin.Bitcoin
BitLicenseThe BitLicense is a specific money transmitter license issued by the New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) for businesses dealing with virtual currency.Crypto Regulation
Blackout rulesRestrictions that prevent the broadcast of a sports event in certain geographic areas, typically local markets.Sports Media Rights
Blob transactionsBlob transactions are a new type of transaction on Ethereum designed to make Layer 2 data storage cheaper and more efficient.Ethereum
Block explorerA block explorer is a web-based tool that allows users to search, view, and analyze all transactions, blocks, addresses, and other data on a specific blockchain.Ethereum
Block heightBlock height refers to the sequential number assigned to a block on a blockchain, indicating its position in the chain.Bitcoin
Block rewardThe block reward is the total amount of new Bitcoin and transaction fees awarded to the miner who successfully adds a new block of validated transactions to the blockchain.Bitcoin
Block subsidyThe block subsidy is the fixed amount of newly minted Bitcoin included in the block reward, which is halved approximately every four years during a halving event.Bitcoin
BlockchainA blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that records transactions in a chain of cryptographically linked blocks, ensuring immutability and transparency.Ethereum
Blockchain oracleA blockchain oracle is a third-party service that connects smart contracts to real-world data and off-chain systems, enabling them to execute based on external information.Ethereum
Blue chipA large, well-established, and financially sound company with a long history of reliable earnings and dividends, often a market leader.Earnings
Bond marketThe bond market is a financial market where participants buy and sell debt securities, primarily issued by governments and corporations to raise capital.Federal Reserve
Bond priceThe current market value at which a bond can be bought or sold, determined by supply, demand, and interest rates.Earnings
Bonded warehouseA bonded warehouse is a secured facility where imported goods can be stored without payment of duties until they are withdrawn for consumption or export.Tariffs & Trade
Book valueBook value is the net worth of a company calculated as its total assets minus its total liabilities, as recorded on the balance sheet.Earnings
BookingsBookings represent the total value of customer contracts signed for products or services, whether or not the revenue has been recognized yet.Earnings
BRC-20BRC-20 is an experimental token standard that leverages the Ordinals protocol to create fungible tokens on the Bitcoin blockchain.Bitcoin
Breakeven inflation rateThe breakeven inflation rate is the difference between the yield of a nominal Treasury bond and an inflation-indexed bond (TIPS) of the same maturity.Federal Reserve
Brent crudeBrent crude is a major global oil benchmark primarily sourced from the North Sea, used to price about two-thirds of the world's traded oil.Middle East
Broadcast ratingsBroadcast ratings measure the percentage of households or individuals tuned into a specific television program at a given time.Sports Media Rights
Broker-dealerA broker-dealer is a firm or individual that buys and sells securities for customers (broker) and for its own account (dealer).Crypto Regulation
Budget deficitA budget deficit occurs when a government's total expenditures exceed its total revenues over a specific period, usually a fiscal year.Federal Reserve
Bull marketA bull market is a sustained period of rising stock prices, typically defined by a 20% or more increase from recent lows.Earnings
Burn rateBurn rate is the speed at which a company, typically a startup, spends its cash reserves before generating positive cash flow.Earnings

CabinetA body of the most senior appointed officials in the executive branch of the U.S. government, serving as advisors to the President and heads of federal departments.Donald Trump
Call optionA call option gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy an underlying asset at a specified price before a certain date.Earnings
Campaign financeCampaign finance refers to all funds raised and spent to promote or oppose political candidates, parties, and ballot measures.Elections
CapexCapex, or Capital Expenditures, are funds a company uses to acquire, upgrade, and maintain physical assets like property, plants, and equipment.Earnings
Capex cycleA capex cycle refers to the cyclical pattern of capital expenditure, where businesses invest heavily in new equipment and infrastructure, followed by periods of reduced spending.Semiconductors
Capital controlsCapital controls are government-imposed restrictions on the flow of foreign-exchange capital into and out of a country.U.S.–China
Capital gains rateThe capital gains rate is the tax rate applied to profits earned from selling assets like stocks, bonds, or real estate.Donald Trump
Capital gains taxCapital gains tax is a tax levied on the profit realized from the sale of a non-inventory asset, such as stocks, real estate, or cryptocurrencies.Crypto Regulation
Carriage disputeA disagreement between a content provider and a distributor over fees or terms for carrying a channel, often resulting in temporary removal.Sports Media Rights
Carry tradeA carry trade involves borrowing in a low-interest-rate currency and investing in a high-interest-rate currency to profit from the interest rate differential.Federal Reserve
Cash creationCash creation is a method for an ETF to issue new shares by receiving cash from authorized participants, rather than in-kind assets.Crypto ETFs
CaucusA caucus is a meeting of party members to select candidates or decide policy, particularly for presidential nominations.Elections
CeasefireA ceasefire is a temporary cessation of armed conflict, agreed upon by warring parties, often to allow for negotiations or humanitarian aid.Middle East
Central bankA central bank is a national financial institution that manages a country's currency, money supply, and interest rates to achieve economic stability.Federal Reserve
Central bank digital currencyA Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is a digital form of a country's fiat currency, issued and backed by its central bank.Stablecoins
Centralized exchangeA centralized exchange is a platform where users can buy, sell, and trade cryptocurrencies, typically by depositing funds into an account controlled by the exchange.Ethereum
CertificationCertification is the official validation of election results by state or local authorities, making the outcome legally binding.Elections
ChatbotA chatbot is an artificial intelligence program designed to simulate human conversation through text or voice interfaces.Artificial Intelligence
Child tax creditThe Child Tax Credit (CTC) is a federal tax benefit that reduces the tax liability of eligible families with qualifying children.Donald Trump
Chinese EV exportsChinese EV exports refer to the growing volume of electric vehicles manufactured in China and sold to international markets, primarily by domestic automakers.U.S.–China
Chinese export controlsChinese export controls are government regulations that restrict or prohibit the export of certain goods, technologies, or services from China.U.S.–China
Chinese property crisisThe Chinese property crisis refers to a period of severe financial distress and defaults among major real estate developers in China, beginning around 2020.U.S.–China
Chinese stimulusChinese stimulus refers to economic policies implemented by Beijing to boost economic growth, usually in response to downturns or specific sector challenges.U.S.–China
Chip export controlsChip export controls are government regulations restricting the sale or transfer of certain semiconductor technologies, equipment, or chips to specific countries or entities.Semiconductors
Chip shortageA chip shortage occurs when demand for semiconductor chips exceeds the available supply, leading to production delays and increased costs across various industries.Semiconductors
Chip warThe chip war is an ongoing geopolitical and economic competition between the U.S. and China for dominance in semiconductor technology and manufacturing.U.S.–China
Chip yieldChip yield is the percentage of functional, defect-free chips produced from a single wafer during the manufacturing process.Semiconductors
ChipletsChiplets are small, specialized semiconductor modules that combine to form a larger, more complex chip, improving performance and manufacturing efficiency.Semiconductors
CHIPS ActThe CHIPS Act is a U.S. federal law enacted in 2022 to boost domestic semiconductor manufacturing, research, and workforce development through subsidies and incentives.Semiconductors
ChurnChurn, or customer churn, is the rate at which customers stop doing business with a company or cancel a subscription over a given period.Earnings
Circuit breakerA circuit breaker is a regulatory mechanism that temporarily halts trading on an exchange to curb panic selling or buying during extreme market volatility.Earnings
Circulating supplyCirculating supply is the number of cryptocurrency tokens or coins that are publicly available and actively trading in the market.Ethereum
CLARITY ActThe CLARITY Act is a proposed US bill aiming to provide regulatory clarity for digital assets by defining their legal status.Crypto Regulation
Class actionA class action is a lawsuit where a group of people with similar claims collectively sue a defendant, often seeking damages or other remedies.Crypto Regulation
Cloud computingCloud computing delivers on-demand computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet.Artificial Intelligence
Coinbase transactionA coinbase transaction is the special first transaction in a Bitcoin block that creates new bitcoins and pays the block reward to the miner.Bitcoin
Cold storageCold storage is the practice of keeping cryptocurrency offline to protect private keys from online threats and hacks.Bitcoin
Collective bargaining agreementA collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is a contract between a sports league (or team owners) and its players' union, governing employment terms.Sports Media Rights
College sports revenue sharingCollege sports revenue sharing is a system where athletic conference income, primarily from media rights, is distributed among member institutions.Sports Media Rights
Comment periodA comment period is a designated time for the public, including individuals and organizations, to submit feedback on proposed government rules or policies.Crypto Regulation
Commerce SecretaryThe Commerce Secretary leads the U.S. Department of Commerce, promoting economic growth, international trade, and technological advancement.Donald Trump
Commodity Futures Trading CommissionThe CFTC is a US independent agency regulating commodity futures and options markets, including certain digital assets.Crypto Regulation
ComputeCompute refers to the processing power, typically from specialized hardware like GPUs, required to train and run artificial intelligence models.Artificial Intelligence
Compute clusterA group of interconnected computers or servers that work together as a single, powerful system to perform complex computations.Semiconductors
Compute creditsCompute credits are a form of payment or allocation that grant access to computational resources, typically for cloud-based AI model training and inference.Artificial Intelligence
Concentration riskConcentration risk is the potential for large losses if a significant portion of an investment portfolio is allocated to a single asset, sector, or region.Earnings
Conference realignmentConference realignment is the movement of college athletic programs from one athletic conference to another, often for financial or competitive reasons.Sports Media Rights
Congressional Budget OfficeThe Congressional Budget Office (CBO) provides independent analysis of budgetary and economic issues to the U.S. Congress.Donald Trump
Congressional majorityA congressional majority refers to the political party that holds more than half of the seats in either the House or Senate.Elections
Consensus estimateThe consensus estimate is the average forecast for a company's financial metrics, like earnings or revenue, compiled from various financial analysts.Earnings
Consensus mechanismA consensus mechanism is a protocol used by decentralized networks to agree on the single, true state of the distributed ledger, ensuring security and integrity.Ethereum
Consent decreeA consent decree is a legally binding agreement between a regulator and an alleged violator, resolving an enforcement action without admitting guilt.Crypto Regulation
Consumer confidenceConsumer confidence is a measure of how optimistic or pessimistic consumers are about the state of the economy and their personal finances.Federal Reserve
Consumer Price IndexThe Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services.Federal Reserve
Container freightContainer freight refers to the transportation of goods in standardized steel containers, primarily by sea, but also by rail and truck.Tariffs & Trade
Context windowA context window defines the maximum amount of input text or tokens an AI model can process and consider at one time when generating a response.Artificial Intelligence
Continuing resolutionA temporary legislative measure passed by Congress to provide funding for federal government agencies and programs at current levels when a full budget has not been enacted.Donald Trump
Copy tradingCopy trading is an investment strategy where individuals automatically replicate the trades of experienced investors in real-time.Earnings
Copyright and AI trainingCopyright and AI training refers to the legal debate over whether using copyrighted material to train AI models constitutes copyright infringement.Artificial Intelligence
Cord-cuttingThe practice of canceling traditional pay television subscriptions in favor of streaming services and other digital content options.Sports Media Rights
Core inflationCore inflation measures the change in the costs of goods and services, excluding volatile food and energy prices.Federal Reserve
Corporate tax rateThe corporate tax rate is the percentage of a company's taxable profits that it pays to the government.Donald Trump
CorrelationCorrelation measures the degree to which two assets move in relation to each other, ranging from -1 (opposite) to +1 (same direction).Earnings
Cost basisCost basis is the original value of an asset for tax purposes, typically its purchase price plus any commissions or fees.Crypto Regulation
Council of Economic AdvisersThe Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) provides objective economic analysis and policy recommendations to the President.Donald Trump
Countervailing dutyA countervailing duty is a tariff imposed on imported goods to offset subsidies provided by a foreign government to its producers.Tariffs & Trade
CouponThe fixed interest payment that a bondholder receives from the bond issuer, usually semi-annually, until the bond matures.Earnings
CPUA CPU, or central processing unit, is the primary component of a computer that performs most of the processing inside any digital device.Semiconductors
Creation and redemptionCreation and redemption is the mechanism by which authorized participants manage the supply of ETF shares, ensuring the ETF's market price aligns with its net asset value.Crypto ETFs
Credit rating downgradeA credit rating downgrade occurs when a credit rating agency lowers its assessment of a borrower's ability to meet its debt obligations, signaling increased default risk.Federal Reserve
Credit riskThe potential for a borrower, such as a company or government, to default on its debt obligations, including interest and principal payments.Earnings
Credit spreadA credit spread is the difference in yield between a bond issued by a non-government entity and a comparable U.S. Treasury bond.Federal Reserve
Creditor recoveryCreditor recovery refers to the process by which individuals or entities owed money by a bankrupt debtor attempt to reclaim their assets.Crypto Regulation
Cross-border paymentsFinancial transactions where the sender and recipient are located in different countries, often involving multiple intermediaries and currency conversions.Stablecoins
Cross-chain bridgeA cross-chain bridge is a protocol that allows users to transfer tokens and data between two otherwise incompatible blockchains.Ethereum
Crypto custodianA crypto custodian is a regulated financial institution responsible for securely storing and managing digital assets on behalf of clients.Crypto ETFs
Crypto czar"Crypto czar" is an informal term for a high-ranking government official tasked with overseeing cryptocurrency policy and regulation.Donald Trump
Crypto mixerA crypto mixer is a service that pools and shuffles cryptocurrency transactions from many users to obscure the origin and destination of funds.Crypto Regulation
Crypto PACA Crypto PAC is a political action committee raising and spending money to support or oppose candidates and policies related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.Elections
Crypto whaleA crypto whale is an individual or entity holding a very large amount of a specific cryptocurrency, often enough to influence market prices.Bitcoin
Currency devaluationCurrency devaluation is a deliberate downward adjustment of a country's currency value relative to other currencies under a fixed exchange rate system.Federal Reserve
Currency manipulationCurrency manipulation is when a government or central bank deliberately influences the exchange rate of its currency to gain an unfair trade advantage.Tariffs & Trade
Custodial walletA custodial wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet where a third party, such as an exchange or service provider, holds and manages the user's private keys.Ethereum
Custody ruleThe Custody Rule is an SEC regulation requiring investment advisers to safeguard client assets held in their possession or where they have authority.Crypto Regulation
Custom siliconCustom silicon refers to integrated circuits designed from the ground up for a specific company or application, offering tailored performance and efficiency.Semiconductors
Customs and Border ProtectionU.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the federal agency responsible for regulating and facilitating international trade and enforcing U.S. customs laws.Tariffs & Trade

DAOA Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is an organization governed by rules encoded as smart contracts on a blockchain, with decisions made by token holders.Ethereum
Dark poolA dark pool is a private forum for trading securities, operating outside public exchanges, where participants can place large orders anonymously.Earnings
Data centerA data center is a dedicated facility housing computing infrastructure, including servers, storage, and networking equipment, for processing and storing large amounts of data.Semiconductors
Data center power demandThe total electrical energy consumed by data centers to operate servers, storage, networking equipment, and cooling systems.Semiconductors
De minimis exemptionA de minimis exemption allows small-value imported goods to enter a country without incurring duties, taxes, or extensive customs procedures.Tariffs & Trade
De-riskingDe-risking is a strategy to reduce exposure to perceived risks in a country or region, often China, without full separation.U.S.–China
DebankingDebanking is when banks terminate or refuse services to clients, often entire industries, due to perceived high risk or regulatory pressure.Crypto Regulation
Debt ceilingThe debt ceiling is a statutory limit on the total amount of money the U.S. government can borrow to meet its existing legal obligations.Federal Reserve
Debt-to-equity ratioThe debt-to-equity ratio measures a company's financial leverage by comparing its total liabilities to its shareholders' equity.Earnings
DecouplingDecoupling describes the process of reducing economic interdependence between two or more countries, often the U.S. and China.U.S.–China
Deep learningDeep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses multi-layered neural networks to learn complex patterns from large datasets.Artificial Intelligence
DeepfakeA deepfake is a synthetic media, typically video or audio, in which a person's likeness or voice is replaced with that of another using artificial intelligence.Artificial Intelligence
Defense spendingGovernment expenditure on military forces, equipment, research, and development, reflecting national security priorities and geopolitical tensions.U.S.–China
Defense stocksDefense stocks are shares of publicly traded companies that primarily manufacture weapons, military technology, and provide services to armed forces.Middle East
Deferred prosecution agreementA deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) is a voluntary alternative to criminal prosecution, allowing a defendant to avoid conviction by meeting specific conditions.Crypto Regulation
DeFiDecentralized finance (DeFi) refers to a financial system built on public blockchains like Ethereum, offering services without traditional intermediaries.Ethereum
DeflationDeflation is a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services, leading to an increase in the purchasing power of money.Federal Reserve
DelistingDelisting is the removal of a company's stock from a stock exchange, meaning it can no longer be traded on that particular exchange.Earnings
DepegA depeg occurs when a stablecoin's market price deviates significantly from its intended fixed value, typically 1:1 with a fiat currency.Stablecoins
Deposit flightDeposit flight is the rapid withdrawal of funds from a bank by numerous depositors, often due to concerns about the bank's solvency.Federal Reserve
DeregulationDeregulation is the process of removing or reducing government regulations on a particular industry or economic sector.Donald Trump
Design winA design win is when a chip company's semiconductor component is selected by a customer for integration into their final product, securing future revenue.Semiconductors
DEXA decentralized exchange (DEX) is a peer-to-peer marketplace on a blockchain where users trade cryptocurrencies directly from their wallets, without an intermediary.Ethereum
Difficulty adjustmentDifficulty adjustment is the Bitcoin protocol's automatic recalibration of mining difficulty every 2,016 blocks (roughly two weeks) to maintain a consistent 10-minute block time.Bitcoin
Digital assetA digital asset is any asset that exists in digital form and carries the right of use, ownership, or value, often secured by cryptography.Crypto Regulation
Digital asset executive orderA Digital Asset Executive Order is a presidential directive outlining a whole-of-government approach to address risks and opportunities of digital assets.Donald Trump
Direct listingA direct listing is a method for a private company to go public by listing existing shares directly on an exchange without issuing new ones.Earnings
Discount to NAVA discount to NAV occurs when an exchange-traded fund's market price trades below its net asset value per share.Crypto ETFs
Discount windowThe discount window is a Federal Reserve facility allowing eligible financial institutions to borrow money directly from the Fed, typically overnight, to meet short-term liquidity needs.Federal Reserve
DisinflationDisinflation is a slowdown in the rate of inflation, meaning prices are still rising but at a slower pace than before, rather than outright falling.Federal Reserve
Distributed ledgerA distributed ledger is a database that is shared, replicated, and synchronized across multiple sites, countries, or institutions, without central administration.Ethereum
DiversificationDiversification is an investment strategy that spreads investments across various assets, industries, and geographies to reduce risk.Earnings
DividendA dividend is a portion of a company's earnings paid out to its shareholders, typically as a cash payment.Earnings
Dividend yieldDividend yield is the annual dividend payment per share expressed as a percentage of the stock's current share price.Earnings
Dollar indexThe Dollar Index (DXY) is a weighted average of the U.S. dollar's value relative to a basket of six major foreign currencies.Federal Reserve
Dollar-cost averagingDollar-cost averaging (DCA) is an investment strategy where an investor regularly buys a fixed dollar amount of an asset, regardless of its price.Bitcoin
DollarizationThe widespread adoption and use of the US dollar, or a digital asset pegged to it like a stablecoin, by residents of a foreign country for transactions, savings, or pricing.Stablecoins
Dot plotThe dot plot is a chart published by the Federal Reserve showing individual FOMC members' projections for the federal funds rate.Federal Reserve
Double spendA double-spend is a fraudulent transaction where a digital currency is spent more than once, undermining the currency's integrity.Bitcoin
DovishA dovish stance describes a central bank's monetary policy that prioritizes economic growth and employment, often through lower interest rates.Federal Reserve
Dow Jones Industrial AverageThe Dow Jones Industrial Average is a stock market index that tracks 30 large, publicly owned companies traded on the Nasdaq and NYSE.Earnings
Down roundA down round is a financing event where a company raises capital at a lower valuation than its previous funding round.Earnings
DrawdownA drawdown is the peak-to-trough decline of an investment, portfolio, or index before a new peak is achieved.Earnings
Dual circulationDual circulation is China's economic strategy to reduce reliance on export-led growth by boosting domestic demand and technological self-sufficiency.U.S.–China
Dual mandateThe Federal Reserve's dual mandate is to achieve maximum sustainable employment and maintain price stability.Federal Reserve
Duration riskDuration risk is the sensitivity of a bond's price to changes in interest rates; bonds with longer durations are more sensitive to rate fluctuations.Federal Reserve

Early votingEarly voting allows eligible voters to cast their ballots in person or by mail before the official election day.Elections
Earnings callAn earnings call is a quarterly conference call where a public company discusses its financial results, provides guidance, and answers analyst questions.Earnings
Earnings per shareEarnings per share (EPS) is a company's net profit divided by the number of outstanding shares, indicating profitability on a per-share basis.Earnings
Earnings seasonEarnings season is the period, usually a few weeks after each quarter ends, when most public companies release their financial results.Earnings
EBITDAEBITDA is a financial metric that stands for Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization, indicating operating profitability.Earnings
Edge computingEdge computing processes data closer to its source, like smart devices or local servers, rather than sending it to a centralized cloud data center.Semiconductors
EIP-1559EIP-1559 is an Ethereum improvement proposal that redesigned the transaction fee mechanism, introducing a base fee and an ETH burning mechanism.Ethereum
Electoral CollegeThe Electoral College is the system used in U.S. presidential elections where electors, not the popular vote, determine the winner.Elections
EmbargoAn embargo is a complete ban on trade or specific commercial activities with a particular country, group of countries, or specific goods.Tariffs & Trade
Emergency declarationA presidential proclamation establishing a national emergency, granting the President special statutory powers to address a crisis beyond normal executive authority.Donald Trump
Energy securityEnergy security is the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price, crucial for economic stability and national well-being.Middle East
Enforcement actionAn enforcement action is a formal legal or administrative proceeding initiated by a regulatory body to address violations of laws or rules.Crypto Regulation
Enterprise AIEnterprise AI refers to the application of artificial intelligence technologies within large organizations to improve efficiency, automate processes, and enhance decision-making.Artificial Intelligence
Equity risk premiumThe equity risk premium is the excess return that investing in stocks is expected to provide over a risk-free rate, like government bonds.Earnings
ERC-20ERC-20 is a technical standard used for creating fungible tokens on the Ethereum blockchain, defining a common set of rules for their behavior.Ethereum
ERC-721ERC-721 is a technical standard for creating unique, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on the Ethereum blockchain, where each token is distinct.Ethereum
Estate taxThe estate tax is a federal tax on the transfer of a deceased person's property to their heirs, usually applied only to very large estates.Donald Trump
ETH burnETH burn is the permanent removal of Ether from circulation, primarily through the EIP-1559 base fee mechanism, reducing its total supply.Ethereum
EtherEther, or ETH, is the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain, used for transaction fees, staking, and as a store of value.Ethereum
EthereumEthereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain platform that enables smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps) without central authority.Ethereum
Ethereum ETFAn Ethereum ETF is an exchange-traded fund that provides investors with exposure to the price movements of Ether, the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain.Crypto ETFs
EU AI ActThe EU AI Act is a comprehensive legal framework established by the European Union to regulate artificial intelligence systems based on their risk level.Artificial Intelligence
European Central BankThe European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the 20 countries of the Eurozone, responsible for managing the euro and monetary policy.Federal Reserve
EUV lithographyEUV lithography, or Extreme Ultraviolet lithography, is a cutting-edge technology used in semiconductor manufacturing to print extremely fine patterns on chips.Semiconductors
EVMThe EVM, or Ethereum Virtual Machine, is the core runtime environment that executes smart contracts and processes transactions on the Ethereum blockchain.Ethereum
Exchange reservesExchange reserves refer to the total amount of a specific cryptocurrency held by centralized cryptocurrency exchanges on behalf of their users.Bitcoin
Exchange-traded fundAn ETF is an investment fund traded on stock exchanges, holding assets like stocks, bonds, or commodities, designed to track an underlying index.Crypto ETFs
Exchange-traded productAn exchange-traded product (ETP) is a broad category of securities that track an underlying asset, index, or basket of assets and trade on exchanges.Crypto ETFs
Executive orderA presidential directive that manages operations of the federal government and has the force of law without congressional approval.Donald Trump
Expansion feeAn expansion fee is a payment made by a new ownership group to a sports league for the right to establish a new franchise.Sports Media Rights
Expense ratioAn expense ratio is the annual fee charged by a fund, like an ETF, to cover its operating and management costs, expressed as a percentage of assets.Crypto ETFs
Export controlsExport controls are government regulations that restrict or prohibit the sale and transfer of specific goods, software, and technology to foreign countries or entities.Tariffs & Trade

FabA fab, short for fabrication plant, is a facility equipped to manufacture semiconductor integrated circuits from raw silicon wafers.Semiconductors
FablessA fabless company designs and sells semiconductor chips but outsources all manufacturing to external foundries, focusing solely on design and intellectual property.Semiconductors
Family officeA family office is a private company that manages investments and wealth for a single wealthy family, often providing a range of financial and lifestyle services.Earnings
FDICThe FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) is a U.S. government agency that insures deposits in banks and thrifts, promoting stability and public confidence.Federal Reserve
Fear and Greed IndexThe Fear and Greed Index is a measure of market sentiment, indicating whether investors are feeling fearful or greedy, which can signal turning points.Earnings
Fed balance sheetThe Fed balance sheet is a weekly statement of the Federal Reserve's assets and liabilities, primarily reflecting its holdings of government securities.Federal Reserve
Fed chairThe Fed chair is the chief executive and public face of the Federal Reserve System, responsible for leading the Federal Open Market Committee and influencing monetary policy.Federal Reserve
Fed independenceFed independence refers to the Federal Reserve's ability to make monetary policy decisions free from direct political influence from the executive or legislative branches.Federal Reserve
Fed minutesFed minutes are the detailed, transcribed record of discussions from each Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting, released three weeks after the meeting.Federal Reserve
Federal funds rateThe federal funds rate is the target interest rate set by the FOMC for overnight borrowing between banks.Federal Reserve
Federal ReserveThe Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks.Federal Reserve
Federal workforce cutsReducing the number of federal government employees aims to decrease government spending and bureaucracy.Donald Trump
Fee rateThe fee rate is the amount of satoshis a user pays per virtual byte of data for a Bitcoin transaction, influencing confirmation speed.Bitcoin
Fiat-backed stablecoinA fiat-backed stablecoin is a cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value, typically pegged 1:1 to a fiat currency like the US dollar, by holding equivalent reserves.Stablecoins
FilibusterA procedural tactic in the U.S. Senate where a minority of senators can delay or block a vote on a bill or other measure through prolonged debate.Donald Trump
Financial conditionsFinancial conditions reflect the availability and cost of financing for households, businesses, and governments, influencing economic activity.Federal Reserve
FinCENThe Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury that combats financial crimes.Crypto Regulation
Fine-tuningFine-tuning is the process of further training a pre-existing artificial intelligence model on a smaller, specific dataset to adapt it for a particular task.Artificial Intelligence
Fiscal dominanceFiscal dominance is a situation where a central bank's monetary policy decisions are constrained or influenced by the need to finance government debt or manage its fiscal position.Federal Reserve
Fiscal yearA fiscal year is a 12-month accounting period used by companies for financial reporting, which may not align with the calendar year.Earnings
FIT21The Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act (FIT21) is a US legislative proposal to establish a comprehensive regulatory framework for digital assets.Crypto Regulation
FOMCThe FOMC, or Federal Open Market Committee, is the Federal Reserve's primary monetary policy-making body.Federal Reserve
FOMC blackout periodThe FOMC blackout period is a designated time before Federal Open Market Committee meetings when Fed officials refrain from public comments on monetary policy.Federal Reserve
Foreign direct investmentForeign direct investment (FDI) is an investment made by a company or individual in one country into business interests located in another country.U.S.–China
Forward guidanceThe Federal Reserve uses forward guidance to communicate its future monetary policy intentions, primarily regarding the federal funds rate.Federal Reserve
Forward P/EForward P/E is a valuation metric that uses estimated future earnings per share to calculate a company's price-to-earnings ratio.Earnings
Foundation modelA foundation model is a large AI model, typically pre-trained on a vast amount of diverse data, that can be adapted for a wide range of downstream tasks.Artificial Intelligence
FoundryA foundry is a specialized semiconductor manufacturing company that produces chips designed by other companies, without designing its own.Semiconductors
Fractional sharesFractional shares are portions of a single stock share, allowing investors to buy equities with a specific dollar amount rather than a full share price.Earnings
Free cash flowFree cash flow (FCF) is the cash a company generates after accounting for cash outflows to support operations and maintain its capital assets.Earnings
Free trade agreementA free trade agreement (FTA) is a pact between two or more countries to reduce or eliminate barriers to trade, such as tariffs and import quotas.Tariffs & Trade
Front-runningFront-running is the act of placing an order to buy or sell an asset with foreknowledge of a pending large transaction that will likely impact its price.Ethereum
Frontier modelA frontier model is an artificial intelligence model that represents the leading edge of capability, often exhibiting novel or emergent abilities.Artificial Intelligence
Full self-drivingFull self-driving (FSD) refers to a high level of autonomous vehicle capability, aiming for a car to drive itself in nearly all situations without human intervention.Artificial Intelligence
Fully diluted valuationFully diluted valuation (FDV) is the projected market capitalization of a cryptocurrency once all of its tokens are in circulation.Ethereum
Fund flowsFund flows measure the net movement of money into or out of investment funds, indicating investor sentiment and allocation trends.Crypto ETFs

GAAPGAAP, or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, is a common set of accounting rules and standards used by companies in the U.S. for financial reporting.Earnings
Gamma squeezeA gamma squeeze is a rapid upward price movement in a stock, driven by market makers hedging their options positions as the stock price rises.Earnings
Gas feeA gas fee is the cost paid to validators on the Ethereum network to execute transactions or smart contract operations.Ethereum
Gas limitThe gas limit is the maximum amount of computational effort, measured in gas units, that a user is willing to spend for a transaction or smart contract execution on Ethereum.Ethereum
Generative AIGenerative AI is artificial intelligence that creates new, original content like text, images, audio, or code, rather than just analyzing existing data.Artificial Intelligence
Generative Engine OptimizationGenerative Engine Optimization (GEO) is the practice of optimizing content to be effectively discovered and summarized by AI-powered search engines and answer engines.Artificial Intelligence
Generic ballotA generic ballot is a poll question asking voters which party they would support for Congress, without naming specific candidates.Elections
Generic listing standardsGeneric listing standards are pre-approved rules exchanges use to list new products, making SEC approval faster by meeting established criteria.Crypto ETFs
Genesis blockThe genesis block is the very first block ever mined on a blockchain, serving as the foundation for the entire ledger.Bitcoin
GENIUS ActThe GENIUS Act is proposed US legislation aimed at regulating stablecoins by defining them, establishing reserve requirements, and outlining paths for federal and state oversight.Stablecoins
Geopolitical risk premiumGeopolitical risk premium is the added cost or higher price for an asset or commodity due to perceived political instability or conflict in a region.Middle East
GerrymanderingGerrymandering is the practice of drawing electoral district boundaries to give one political party an unfair advantage over another.Elections
Global trade volumeGlobal trade volume measures the total quantity of goods and services exchanged between countries worldwide over a specific period.Tariffs & Trade
Going concernGoing concern is an accounting principle assuming a business will continue operating indefinitely, not liquidate.Earnings
GoldGold is a precious metal widely used as a store of value, investment asset, and industrial material, often seen as a hedge against economic uncertainty.Federal Reserve
Gold and geopoliticsGold and geopolitics refers to how global political events and tensions, particularly in the Middle East, influence gold prices as a safe-haven asset.Middle East
Golden DomeThe "Golden Dome" is an informal term referring to China's efforts to build a secure, government-controlled digital infrastructure and data ecosystem.U.S.–China
Governance tokenA governance token is a cryptocurrency that grants its holders voting rights on proposals related to the future development and operation of a decentralized project or protocol.Ethereum
Government shutdownA temporary cessation of non-essential government services and agency operations due to a failure by Congress to pass appropriation bills or a continuing resolution.Donald Trump
GPUA GPU, or graphics processing unit, is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images.Semiconductors
GPU cloudGPU cloud refers to cloud computing services that provide access to Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) on demand, essential for AI and machine learning workloads.Artificial Intelligence
Grayscale Bitcoin TrustThe Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC) is an investment vehicle that holds Bitcoin, historically traded over-the-counter with shares representing BTC.Crypto ETFs
Gross domestic productGross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period.Federal Reserve
Gross marginGross margin is a profitability metric that shows the percentage of revenue remaining after subtracting the cost of goods sold.Earnings
Growth stockA stock from a company expected to grow sales and earnings at a faster rate than the overall market, often reinvesting profits for expansion.Earnings
GuidanceGuidance refers to a company's official projections for its future financial performance, such as revenue and earnings, over upcoming periods.Earnings
Gulf sovereign wealth fundsGulf sovereign wealth funds are state-owned investment vehicles from Middle Eastern oil-rich nations that manage significant assets globally.Middle East
GweiGwei is a unit of Ether, equal to one billionth of an Ether (10^-9 ETH), commonly used to denominate gas fees on Ethereum.Ethereum

HallucinationA hallucination is when an AI model generates information that is plausible-sounding but factually incorrect, nonsensical, or unfaithful to its source data.Artificial Intelligence
Hard forkA hard fork is a permanent, non-backward-compatible upgrade to a blockchain's protocol that requires all network participants to upgrade their software.Ethereum
Hard landingA hard landing is an economic scenario where a central bank's efforts to control inflation lead to a significant recession and rising unemployment.Federal Reserve
Hardware walletA hardware wallet is a physical electronic device that stores a user's private keys offline, protecting digital assets from internet-based threats.Bitcoin
Harmonized Tariff ScheduleThe Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) is a comprehensive classification system used by many countries, including the U.S., to categorize traded goods and determine applicable tariffs.Tariffs & Trade
Hash rateHash rate measures the total computational power actively contributing to processing transactions and securing the Bitcoin network, expressed in hashes per second.Bitcoin
HashpriceHashprice is a metric that estimates the expected revenue a Bitcoin miner can earn per unit of hash rate per day, typically measured in USD per terahash per second.Bitcoin
HawkishA hawkish stance describes a central bank's monetary policy that prioritizes fighting inflation, often through higher interest rates and tighter credit conditions.Federal Reserve
Hedge fundA hedge fund is an investment fund that pools capital from accredited investors and institutional clients, employing diverse and often complex strategies to generate returns.Earnings
High-bandwidth memoryHigh-bandwidth memory (HBM) is a type of high-performance RAM that stacks multiple memory dies vertically to achieve significantly greater bandwidth.Semiconductors
High-frequency tradingHigh-frequency trading (HFT) is a type of algorithmic trading that executes a vast number of orders at extremely high speeds, often within milliseconds.Artificial Intelligence
HODLHODL is an acronym and misspelling of "hold," referring to the strategy of holding cryptocurrencies long-term regardless of price fluctuations.Bitcoin
Hot walletA hot wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet connected to the internet, allowing for easy and quick access to funds but carrying increased security risks.Ethereum
Housing startsHousing starts measure the number of new residential construction projects on which ground has been broken during a specific month.Federal Reserve
Houthi attacksMilitary actions, primarily against shipping in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, conducted by the Houthi movement from Yemen.Middle East
Howey testThe Howey test is a US Supreme Court legal framework determining if a transaction qualifies as an "investment contract" and thus a security.Crypto Regulation
Huawei sanctionsHuawei sanctions are U.S. government restrictions aimed at limiting the ability of Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei to access American technology and markets.U.S.–China
Humanoid robotA humanoid robot is a robot designed to resemble the human body, typically with a torso, head, two arms, and two legs.Artificial Intelligence
HyperinflationHyperinflation is an extremely rapid and out-of-control increase in the general price level, often exceeding 50% per month.Federal Reserve
HyperscalerA hyperscaler is a large cloud service provider operating massive, globally distributed data centers capable of scaling computing resources on demand.Semiconductors

IEEPAThe International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) grants the U.S. President authority to regulate international commerce during national emergencies.Tariffs & Trade
ImpeachmentImpeachment is the process by which a legislative body formally charges a high-ranking public official with misconduct.Elections
Impermanent lossImpermanent loss is the temporary divergence in value between holding tokens in a liquidity pool versus simply holding them in a wallet.Ethereum
Implied volatilityImplied volatility is a forecast of a stock's future price fluctuations, derived from the prices of its options contracts.Earnings
Import quotaAn import quota is a government-imposed limit on the quantity or monetary value of a specific good that can be imported into a country.Tariffs & Trade
In-kind redemptionIn-kind redemption is the process where an ETF's authorized participant redeems shares directly for the underlying assets, not cash.Crypto ETFs
IncumbentAn incumbent is a person currently holding an elected office who is seeking re-election to that same office.Elections
Index fundAn index fund is a type of mutual fund or exchange-traded fund that aims to replicate the performance of a specific market index.Crypto ETFs
Index rebalancingIndex rebalancing is the periodic adjustment of an index's constituents or their weightings to maintain its investment objectives.Earnings
InferenceInference is the process where a trained artificial intelligence model uses new input data to make predictions, classifications, or generate new content.Artificial Intelligence
Inference chipA specialized semiconductor optimized to run pre-trained artificial intelligence models efficiently, making predictions or decisions based on new data.Semiconductors
Inflation hedgeAn asset or investment strategy designed to protect purchasing power by increasing in value during periods of rising prices.Earnings
Inflation pass-throughInflation pass-through describes how increases in production costs or import prices are transferred to consumers through higher retail prices.Tariffs & Trade
Inflation targetAn inflation target is a specific, publicly announced rate of inflation that a central bank aims to achieve and maintain over the medium term.Federal Reserve
Initial coin offeringAn Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is a fundraising method where a new cryptocurrency project sells its native tokens to early investors in exchange for other cryptocurrencies or fiat.Ethereum
Initial public offeringAn Initial Public Offering (IPO) is the first time a private company offers its shares for sale to the general public on a stock exchange.Earnings
Insider buyingInsider buying occurs when corporate officers, directors, or major shareholders purchase shares of their own company's stock in the open market.Earnings
Insider tradingInsider trading is the illegal practice of using material, non-public information about a company or asset to make personal trading profits.Crypto Regulation
Institutional investorAn institutional investor is an organization that pools money from many individuals to invest in securities, real estate, and other assets.Earnings
Integrated device manufacturerAn Integrated Device Manufacturer (IDM) designs, manufactures, and sells its own semiconductor chips, controlling the entire process from design to fabrication.Semiconductors
InterconnectThe high-speed communication technology and physical links that enable data exchange between different components within a computer system or between multiple compute nodes.Semiconductors
Interest coverageInterest coverage ratio assesses a company's ability to pay its interest expenses on outstanding debt using its operating earnings.Earnings
Interest on reserve balancesInterest on reserve balances (IORB) is the interest rate the Federal Reserve pays banks on the funds they hold in their accounts at the Fed.Federal Reserve
Inventory correctionAn inventory correction is a period where companies reduce their existing stock of chips due to oversupply or decreased demand, leading to slower sales for chipmakers.Semiconductors
Inventory destockingInventory destocking is the process where businesses intentionally reduce their existing stock levels, often in response to lower demand or excess supply.Tariffs & Trade
Inverted yield curveAn inverted yield curve occurs when short-term bond yields are higher than long-term bond yields, signaling market expectations for future economic slowdowns.Federal Reserve
Iran nuclear dealAn international agreement designed to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons in exchange for sanctions relief.Middle East
ISM indexThe ISM index, from the Institute for Supply Management, is a survey-based indicator of economic activity in the manufacturing and services sectors.Federal Reserve

Jackson Hole symposiumThe Jackson Hole symposium is an annual economic policy conference hosted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.Federal Reserve
Jobless claimsJobless claims measure the number of new applications for unemployment benefits filed by individuals during a given week.Federal Reserve
Jobs reportThe Jobs report, officially the Employment Situation Summary, is a monthly release by the Bureau of Labor Statistics detailing U.S. labor market conditions.Federal Reserve
JOLTSJOLTS, or Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey, provides data on job vacancies, hires, and separations in the U.S. labor market.Federal Reserve
Junk bondsJunk bonds are high-yield, high-risk corporate bonds issued by companies with lower credit ratings, typically below investment grade.Federal Reserve

Know Your CustomerKnow Your Customer (KYC) refers to the mandatory process for businesses to verify the identity of their clients and assess their risk profile.Crypto Regulation

Labor force participation rateThe labor force participation rate is the percentage of the working-age population that is either employed or actively seeking employment.Federal Reserve
Lame-duck sessionA lame-duck session is when Congress convenes after an election but before newly elected members take office.Elections
Large language modelA large language model (LLM) is an artificial intelligence program trained on vast text datasets to understand, generate, and respond to human language.Artificial Intelligence
LaunchpadA launchpad is a platform that hosts and facilitates the initial sale of new cryptocurrency tokens, often providing due diligence and community support.Ethereum
Layer 1A Layer 1 (L1) refers to the foundational blockchain network, such as Ethereum or Bitcoin, which processes and finalizes transactions on its own chain.Ethereum
Layer 2A Layer 2 (L2) is a secondary framework or protocol built on top of an existing blockchain, like Ethereum, to improve its scalability and efficiency.Ethereum
Legacy chipsLegacy chips are older, less advanced semiconductors manufactured on mature process nodes, typically 28 nanometers or larger.Semiconductors
Lender of last resortA lender of last resort is an institution, typically a central bank, that provides emergency liquidity to financial institutions facing a crisis.Federal Reserve
LeverageLeverage is the use of borrowed capital to increase the potential return on an investment, amplifying both gains and losses.Earnings
Leveraged loansLeveraged loans are loans extended to companies that already have significant debt or a weak credit rating, making them higher risk.Federal Reserve
Lightning NetworkThe Lightning Network is a second-layer payment protocol built on Bitcoin, designed to enable faster, cheaper, and more scalable transactions.Bitcoin
Limit orderA limit order is an instruction to buy or sell a security at a specific price or better, ensuring the trade executes only at a desired level.Earnings
Liquid coolingA method of heat management for electronic components that uses a circulating liquid, often water or a dielectric fluid, to transfer heat away.Semiconductors
Liquid stakingLiquid staking allows users to stake crypto and receive a liquid token representing their staked assets, which can be used in other DeFi protocols.Ethereum
LiquidityLiquidity refers to how easily an asset or security can be converted into cash without significantly affecting its market price.Federal Reserve
Liquidity poolA liquidity pool is a collection of two or more cryptocurrency tokens locked in a smart contract, used to facilitate trading on decentralized exchanges.Ethereum
LNGLNG, or Liquefied Natural Gas, is natural gas cooled to a liquid state for easier and safer storage and transportation across long distances.Middle East
Local government debt (China)Local government debt in China refers to the financial obligations of provincial, municipal, and county-level governments, often accumulated through off-balance-sheet entities.U.S.–China
Lock-up periodA lock-up period is a contractual restriction preventing company insiders and early investors from selling their shares after an Initial Public Offering (IPO).Earnings
Long positionA long position is the purchase of an asset with the expectation that its price will rise, allowing the investor to sell it later for a profit.Earnings
Long-term holder supplyLong-term holder supply is the total crypto held by entities not moving coins for an extended period, typically over 155 days.Bitcoin
Luxury tax (sports)A luxury tax in sports is a penalty imposed on teams that exceed a predetermined payroll threshold, often designed to promote competitive balance.Sports Media Rights

Machine learningMachine learning is a field of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data without explicit programming, improving performance over time.Artificial Intelligence
Made in China 2025Made in China 2025 is a strategic plan by the Chinese government to upgrade its manufacturing sector and achieve global dominance in high-tech industries.U.S.–China
Magnificent SevenThe Magnificent Seven is an informal nickname for a group of large, influential technology-focused companies that have significantly driven market performance.Earnings
MainnetThe mainnet is the live, operational blockchain network where real cryptocurrency transactions occur and have monetary value.Ethereum
Margin callA margin call is a demand from a broker for an investor to deposit additional funds or securities into their margin account to meet minimum maintenance requirements.Earnings
Margin debtMargin debt is the total amount of money investors borrow from brokers to purchase securities, using existing investments as collateral.Earnings
Market cap (crypto)Market cap (crypto) is the total value of all circulating coins or tokens of a cryptocurrency, calculated by multiplying the current price by the circulating supply.Ethereum
Market capitalizationMarket capitalization is the total value of a company's outstanding shares, calculated by multiplying its share price by the number of shares.Earnings
Market correctionA market correction is a short-term decline of 10% to 20% in a market index or asset price from its recent peak.Earnings
Market makerA market maker is a firm or individual that stands ready to buy and sell a particular security, providing liquidity to the market.Earnings
Market manipulationMarket manipulation is intentionally affecting the supply or demand of an asset to create a misleading appearance of active trading or artificial price movement.Crypto Regulation
Market orderA market order is an instruction to buy or sell a security immediately at the best available current price.Earnings
Market structure billA market structure bill is proposed legislation designed to establish clearer regulatory frameworks for digital assets in the US.Crypto Regulation
Master accountA master account is a direct account at a Federal Reserve Bank that allows financial institutions to access the Fed's payment systems and services.Crypto Regulation
Max supplyMax supply is the absolute maximum number of tokens or coins that will ever exist for a particular cryptocurrency project.Ethereum
Media rights dealAn agreement granting a media company the exclusive right to broadcast or distribute sports content for a specified period.Sports Media Rights
MedicaidMedicaid is a joint federal and state program providing health coverage to low-income individuals and families.Donald Trump
Meme stockA meme stock is a company's shares that gain popularity and see rapid price surges driven by social media sentiment rather than fundamental value.Earnings
MemecoinA memecoin is a cryptocurrency inspired by internet memes, jokes, or pop culture, typically lacking significant underlying utility or a serious development roadmap.Ethereum
Memory chipsMemory chips are semiconductor devices that store data, either temporarily (DRAM) for active processing or permanently (NAND) for long-term storage.Semiconductors
MempoolA mempool is a node's temporary holding area for unconfirmed Bitcoin transactions, waiting to be included in a block by miners.Bitcoin
Merger arbitrageMerger arbitrage is an investment strategy that seeks to profit from the price difference between a target company's stock and the acquisition price during a merger or acquisition.Earnings
MEVMaximal Extractable Value (MEV) is the profit validators or miners can make by strategically reordering, censoring, or inserting transactions within a block.Ethereum
MiCAMiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation) is a comprehensive regulatory framework for crypto assets and related services across the European Union.Crypto Regulation
Midterm electionsMidterm elections occur halfway through a President's four-year term, typically determining control of Congress and state offices.Elections
Miner capitulationMiner capitulation is a period when Bitcoin miners face severe economic pressure, leading to reduced profitability and an exodus from mining.Bitcoin
Mining difficultyMining difficulty is a measure of how hard it is for miners to find a new block on the Bitcoin network, adjusting to keep block times consistent.Bitcoin
Mining poolA mining pool is a collaborative group of Bitcoin miners who combine their computational power to increase their chances of solving a block and earning block rewards.Bitcoin
Mint and burnA mechanism used by stablecoin issuers to control supply, where new tokens are "minted" when users deposit collateral and "burned" when users redeem tokens.Stablecoins
Model distillationModel distillation is a technique where a smaller, simpler AI model, called the student, is trained to mimic the behavior and performance of a larger, more complex model, the teacher.Artificial Intelligence
Model trainingModel training is the process of feeding vast amounts of data to an artificial intelligence model so it can learn patterns and relationships.Artificial Intelligence
Model weightsModel weights are the numerical parameters within an artificial intelligence model that determine how input data is transformed to produce an output.Artificial Intelligence
MomentumA trading strategy or market phenomenon where assets that have performed well recently tend to continue performing well, and vice versa.Earnings
Money market fundA money market fund is a type of mutual fund that invests in highly liquid, short-term debt instruments like Treasury bills and commercial paper.Stablecoins
Money supplyMoney supply is the total amount of currency and other liquid assets in a country's economy at a specific time, often categorized into M1 and M2.Federal Reserve
Money transmitter licenseA money transmitter license is a state-level regulatory authorization required for businesses that transfer funds on behalf of others.Crypto Regulation
MoneylineA moneyline bet is a straightforward wager on which team or individual will win a game or event outright, regardless of the margin.Sports Media Rights
Moore's lawMoore's Law is the observation that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, leading to exponential growth in computing power.Semiconductors
Mortgage ratesMortgage rates are the interest rates lenders charge borrowers for home loans, typically expressed as an annual percentage.Federal Reserve
Most-favored-nation statusMost-favored-nation (MFN) status is a principle of non-discrimination in international trade, ensuring equal treatment for all trading partners.Tariffs & Trade
Multimodal modelA multimodal model is an artificial intelligence system that can process, understand, and generate information across multiple types of data, such as text, images, audio, and video.Artificial Intelligence
MultisigMultisig, or multi-signature, requires multiple private keys to authorize a Bitcoin transaction, enhancing security and shared control.Bitcoin
Mutual fundA mutual fund is a professionally managed investment vehicle that pools money from many investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of securities.Earnings
MVRV ratioThe MVRV ratio compares Bitcoin's market capitalization (market value) to its realized capitalization (realized value), indicating if the asset is over or undervalued.Bitcoin

Nakamoto coefficientThe Nakamoto coefficient measures a blockchain's decentralization by identifying the minimum number of independent entities needed to compromise it.Bitcoin
Name, image, and likenessName, image, and likeness (NIL) refers to the rights of college athletes to control and profit from the commercial use of their identity.Sports Media Rights
Nasdaq 100The Nasdaq 100 is a market-capitalization-weighted index of 100 of the largest non-financial companies listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange.Earnings
National debtThe national debt is the total accumulated debt owed by a federal government to its creditors, representing past budget deficits plus accrued interest.Federal Reserve
National Economic CouncilThe National Economic Council (NEC) advises the President on U.S. and global economic policy, coordinating economic policymaking across federal agencies.Donald Trump
Natural gas pricesNatural gas prices reflect the market value of natural gas, influenced by supply, demand, storage levels, weather, and geopolitical events.Middle East
NearshoringNearshoring is the practice of relocating business operations or manufacturing facilities to a nearby country, often sharing a border or similar time zone.Tariffs & Trade
Net asset valueNet asset value (NAV) represents a fund's per-share value, calculated by subtracting liabilities from total assets and dividing by outstanding shares.Crypto ETFs
Net incomeNet income, also known as the bottom line, is a company's total earnings or profit after all expenses, including taxes and interest, are deducted from revenue.Earnings
Net inflowsNet inflows represent the total value of new money invested into a fund or asset, minus the value withdrawn, over a specific period.Crypto ETFs
Net revenue retentionNet Revenue Retention (NRR) measures the percentage of recurring revenue retained from existing customers over a period, including upsells and downgrades.Earnings
Networking chipsNetworking chips are specialized semiconductors that manage and facilitate data communication within networks, from local devices to large data centers.Semiconductors
Neural networkA neural network is a computational model inspired by the human brain, designed to recognize patterns and make decisions from data.Artificial Intelligence
Neural processing unitA specialized microprocessor or circuit designed to accelerate artificial intelligence and machine learning tasks, particularly neural network operations.Semiconductors
Neutral rateThe neutral rate, or r-star, is the theoretical federal-funds-rate that neither stimulates nor restricts economic growth when inflation is stable.Federal Reserve
NFTAn NFT, or non-fungible token, is a unique digital asset recorded on a blockchain, representing ownership of a specific item or piece of content.Ethereum
No-action letterA no-action letter is a written statement from a regulator indicating that it will not recommend enforcement action for a specific proposed activity.Crypto Regulation
NodeA node is a computer connected to a blockchain network that maintains a copy of the ledger, validates transactions, and participates in the network's consensus process.Ethereum
Nominal GDPNominal GDP measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period, without adjusting for inflation.Federal Reserve
Non-GAAP earningsNon-GAAP earnings are financial results that exclude certain expenses or income items that companies believe do not reflect their core operations.Earnings

OFAC sanctionsOFAC sanctions are economic penalties imposed by the U.S. Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control against foreign countries, entities, and individuals.Crypto Regulation
Off-rampA service or platform that allows users to convert cryptocurrencies or digital assets back into traditional fiat currency, enabling them to exit the crypto ecosystem.Stablecoins
Office of Management and BudgetThe Office of Management and Budget (OMB) assists the President in preparing the federal budget and overseeing executive branch agencies.Donald Trump
Offshore yuanThe offshore yuan (CNH) is the version of China's currency traded outside mainland China, primarily in financial centers like Hong Kong.U.S.–China
Oil price capAn oil price cap is a government-imposed maximum selling price on crude oil or refined petroleum products from a specific country.Middle East
Oil production quotaAn oil production quota is a limit set by an oil-producing group, like OPEC+, on the amount of crude oil its members can extract.Middle East
Oil shockAn oil shock is a sudden, significant disruption to global crude oil supply or demand, leading to rapid and substantial price changes.Middle East
On-chain analysisOn-chain analysis examines public blockchain data like transactions, addresses, and blocks to understand market behavior and network health.Bitcoin
On-rampA service or platform that allows users to convert traditional fiat currency into cryptocurrencies or digital assets, bridging the gap between traditional finance and crypto.Stablecoins
OPEC+OPEC+ is an alliance of oil-producing nations, including OPEC members and other major exporters like Russia, that coordinates crude oil production levels.Middle East
Open-weight modelAn open-weight model is an artificial intelligence model whose parameters are publicly released, allowing anyone to inspect, modify, and deploy it.Artificial Intelligence
Operating leverageOperating leverage measures how a company's operating income changes in response to a change in sales revenue.Earnings
Operating marginOperating margin is a profitability ratio that measures how much profit a company makes from its core operations before interest and taxes.Earnings
Operation Choke Point 2.0"Operation Choke Point 2.0" is a speculative term used by crypto advocates to describe perceived coordinated regulatory pressure against the digital asset industry.Crypto Regulation
Optimistic rollupAn optimistic rollup processes transactions off-chain and assumes they are valid by default, using a "fraud proof" system to challenge incorrect transactions.Ethereum
Options expirationOptions expiration is the specific date and time when an options contract ceases to be valid, determining if it can be exercised or becomes worthless.Earnings
Options on Bitcoin ETFsOptions on Bitcoin ETFs are derivative contracts that give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell Bitcoin ETF shares at a set price.Crypto ETFs
OrdinalsOrdinals is a protocol that allows for the inscription of arbitrary data, such as images or text, onto individual satoshis on the Bitcoin blockchain.Bitcoin
OvercapacityOvercapacity describes a situation where a country's industrial production capacity significantly exceeds its domestic demand, leading to excess supply.U.S.–China

ParametersParameters are the internal variables within an artificial intelligence model that are adjusted during training to learn from data and make predictions.Artificial Intelligence
Pardon powerThe constitutional authority of the U.S. President to forgive a person for a federal crime, thereby removing all penalties and restoring civil rights.Donald Trump
ParlayA parlay is a single sports bet combining two or more individual wagers, requiring all selections to win for the bet to pay out.Sports Media Rights
Passive investingPassive investing is an investment strategy that aims to replicate the performance of a market index rather than actively trying to beat it.Earnings
Pay-per-viewPay-per-view (PPV) is a broadcasting model where viewers pay a one-time fee to watch a specific event, typically live sports.Sports Media Rights
Payment for order flowPayment for order flow (PFOF) is the compensation a broker receives from a market maker for directing client orders to them for execution.Earnings
Payment stablecoinA payment stablecoin is a digital asset designed for use in transactions, maintaining a stable value, often pegged to a fiat currency.Stablecoins
PCE inflationPCE inflation, or Personal Consumption Expenditures, measures price changes for goods and services purchased by consumers and is the Federal Reserve's preferred inflation gauge.Federal Reserve
Penny stockA stock that trades at a very low price, typically under $5 per share, and is often associated with small companies and high risk.Earnings
Perpetual futuresPerpetual futures are a type of derivative contract in crypto that allows traders to speculate on an asset's price without an expiry date.Ethereum
PetrodollarA petrodollar refers to U.S. dollars earned by oil-exporting countries from the sale of crude oil, often reinvested in dollar-denominated assets.Middle East
PhotonicsPhotonics is the science and technology of generating, controlling, and detecting photons, particularly for applications like optical communication and sensing.Semiconductors
Pink sheetsAn electronic quotation service that displays real-time quotes for over-the-counter (OTC) securities not listed on major exchanges.Earnings
Player contract guaranteesPlayer contract guarantees ensure an athlete receives all or part of their agreed-upon salary even if they are injured, cut, or traded.Sports Media Rights
Point spreadA point spread is a betting line set by a sportsbook to equalize the odds between two unevenly matched teams in a sporting event.Sports Media Rights
Polling averageA polling average combines data from multiple public opinion surveys to provide a more stable and reliable estimate of voter sentiment.Elections
Port congestionA condition where a port has more ships waiting to load or unload than it can efficiently handle, causing delays.Tariffs & Trade
Power semiconductorsPower semiconductors are specialized chips that manage and convert electrical power, enabling efficient energy use in electronic systems.Semiconductors
Pre-market tradingPre-market trading is the period before the official stock market open when investors can buy and sell securities.Earnings
Premium to NAVA premium to NAV occurs when an exchange-traded fund's market price is higher than the net asset value of its underlying holdings.Crypto ETFs
Presidential approval ratingA public opinion poll metric indicating the percentage of the population that approves of the job performance of the President of the United States.Donald Trump
Presidential election 2028Presidential election 2028 refers to the next U.S. presidential election after 2024, determining the President and Vice President.Elections
Presidential Working Group on Digital Asset MarketsThis group, usually led by the Treasury Secretary, studies digital asset markets and recommends policy to address risks and opportunities.Donald Trump
Price targetA price target is an analyst's forecast of a stock's future price, typically over the next 12 to 18 months, based on their valuation models.Earnings
Price-to-earnings ratioA price-to-earnings ratio is a valuation metric that compares a company's current share price to its earnings per share.Earnings
Pricing powerPricing power is a company's ability to raise prices without significantly losing sales volume or market share.Earnings
Primary electionA primary election is a preliminary election where voters nominate candidates for their party to run in the general election.Elections
Private creditPrivate credit is a form of debt financing extended by non-bank lenders directly to companies, typically those that cannot access traditional bank loans or public bond markets.Federal Reserve
Private equityPrivate equity refers to investment funds that buy, manage, and sell private companies or take public companies private, aiming to improve their operations and value.Earnings
Private equity in sportsPrivate equity in sports involves investment firms acquiring ownership stakes in sports teams, leagues, or related businesses.Sports Media Rights
Private keyA private key is a secret alphanumeric code that proves ownership of cryptocurrency funds and authorizes transactions from a specific wallet address.Bitcoin
Process nodeA process node, or technology node, refers to the minimum feature size of transistors on a semiconductor chip, indicating its manufacturing generation.Semiconductors
Producer Price IndexThe Producer Price Index (PPI) measures the average change over time in the selling prices received by domestic producers for their output.Federal Reserve
ProductivityProductivity measures economic output per unit of input, typically how much goods and services an economy produces for each hour of labor.Federal Reserve
PromptA prompt is an input, typically text, given to an artificial intelligence model to generate a specific output.Artificial Intelligence
Proof of reservesProof of reserves is a method by which a stablecoin issuer demonstrates that it holds sufficient assets to fully back all outstanding stablecoin tokens.Stablecoins
Proof of stakeProof of stake is a consensus mechanism where validators lock up cryptocurrency as "stake" to process transactions and secure the network.Ethereum
Proof of workProof of Work is a consensus mechanism used by Bitcoin where miners compete to solve a complex cryptographic puzzle to validate transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain.Bitcoin
Prop betA prop bet, or proposition bet, is a wager on specific events or occurrences within a game that do not necessarily relate to the final outcome.Sports Media Rights
Proxy fightA proxy fight is an attempt by an activist investor or group of shareholders to gain control of a company's board of directors by soliciting proxy votes.Earnings
Public keyA public key is a cryptographic code derived from a private key, used to generate a Bitcoin address where funds can be received.Bitcoin
Pump and dumpA pump and dump is a form of market manipulation where fraudsters artificially inflate an asset's price through false hype, then sell their holdings for profit.Crypto Regulation
Purchasing powerPurchasing power is the amount of goods and services that a unit of currency can buy, indicating the real value of money.Federal Reserve
Put optionA put option gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell an underlying asset at a specified price before a certain date.Earnings

Qualified custodianA qualified custodian is a regulated financial institution authorized to hold client assets, ensuring their safekeeping and segregation.Crypto Regulation
Quant fundA quant fund is an investment fund that uses quantitative analysis, often leveraging mathematical models and algorithms, to identify and execute trading opportunities.Artificial Intelligence
Quantitative easingQuantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy where a central bank buys large quantities of government bonds and other securities to lower interest rates and increase the money supply.Federal Reserve
Quantitative tighteningQuantitative tightening (QT) is a monetary policy where a central bank reduces its balance sheet by allowing maturing assets to roll off without reinvestment, shrinking the money supply.Federal Reserve
Quarter-over-quarterQuarter-over-quarter (QoQ) compares a financial metric from one fiscal quarter to the immediately preceding fiscal quarter.Earnings

Rack densityA measure of the computing power or number of servers packed into a standard server rack, typically expressed in kilowatts per rack.Semiconductors
Rare earth elementsRare earth elements are a group of 17 metallic elements crucial for high-tech products, from consumer electronics to defense systems.Tariffs & Trade
Rare earth export banA rare earth export ban is a restriction imposed by China on the shipment of rare earth elements, vital for many high-tech industries, to other countries.U.S.–China
Rate cutA rate cut is a reduction by a central bank, like the Federal Reserve, in its benchmark interest rate, typically the federal funds rate.Federal Reserve
Rate hikeA rate hike is an increase by a central bank, like the Federal Reserve, in its benchmark interest rate, typically the federal funds rate.Federal Reserve
Real interest rateThe real interest rate is the nominal interest rate adjusted for inflation, reflecting the true return on an investment or cost of borrowing.Federal Reserve
Real yieldThe real yield is the return on a bond after accounting for inflation, representing the actual purchasing power gain an investor receives.Federal Reserve
Real-world assetsReal-world assets (RWAs) are tangible or intangible assets from traditional finance or physical markets that are represented by digital tokens on a blockchain.Stablecoins
Realized priceRealized price is an on-chain metric representing the average price at which all bitcoins in circulation last moved on the blockchain.Bitcoin
RebalancingRebalancing is the process of adjusting a portfolio's asset allocation back to its original target weights at regular intervals.Earnings
Reconciliation billA special legislative process in the U.S. Senate that allows certain bills related to the budget to pass with a simple majority, avoiding the filibuster.Donald Trump
ReconstructionThe process of rebuilding infrastructure, economies, and societies in areas affected by conflict, natural disaster, or economic collapse.Middle East
RecountA recount is a process of re-tallying votes in an election, typically initiated when the margin between candidates is very small.Elections
Red Sea shippingRed Sea shipping refers to maritime routes through the Red Sea, a critical waterway connecting the Suez Canal to the Indian Ocean and global trade.Middle East
RedistrictingRedistricting is the process of redrawing electoral district boundaries, typically for legislative bodies, to reflect population changes.Elections
Regional banksRegional banks are smaller financial institutions that primarily serve specific geographic areas, offering banking services to local communities and businesses.Federal Reserve
Regional sports networkA television channel that broadcasts live sports events, news, and analysis primarily for a specific geographic market.Sports Media Rights
Registration statementA registration statement is a comprehensive document filed with the SEC by companies seeking to offer or sell securities to the public.Crypto Regulation
Regulation by enforcementRegulation by enforcement refers to a regulatory approach where agencies primarily establish rules and precedents through enforcement actions rather than formal rulemaking.Crypto Regulation
Regulatory safe harborA regulatory safe harbor is a provision that protects individuals or entities from liability or penalty if they meet specific conditions.Crypto Regulation
Reinforcement learningReinforcement learning is a machine learning approach where an agent learns to make decisions by interacting with an environment to maximize rewards.Artificial Intelligence
RemittancesMoney sent by a person in one country to a recipient in another, typically family or friends, often for personal or household support.Stablecoins
Reserve attestationA reserve attestation is a periodic report from an independent third-party auditor verifying the assets held by a stablecoin issuer to back its outstanding tokens.Stablecoins
ReshoringReshoring is the practice of returning manufacturing and production of goods to a company's home country from overseas locations.Tariffs & Trade
RestakingRestaking allows staked Ether to be reused to secure other decentralized applications, earning additional rewards for validators.Ethereum
RestatementA restatement is a revision of previously issued financial statements to correct a material error.Earnings
Retail investorA retail investor is an individual who buys and sells securities for their personal account, not on behalf of an organization or client.Earnings
Retail salesRetail sales measure the total amount of money spent by consumers on goods and services from retail establishments over a specific period.Federal Reserve
Retail trading appA retail trading app is a mobile application or online platform that allows individual investors to buy and sell financial assets.Earnings
Retaliatory tariffA retaliatory tariff is a duty imposed by a country on imported goods in response to tariffs or other trade barriers previously enacted by another country.Tariffs & Trade
Retrieval-augmented generationRAG enhances large language models by retrieving relevant information from external knowledge bases before generating a response, improving accuracy and reducing hallucinations.Artificial Intelligence
Return on equityReturn on equity measures a company's profitability by revealing how much profit it generates for each dollar of shareholders' equity.Earnings
RevenueRevenue is the total amount of money a company generates from its primary business activities before deducting expenses.Earnings
Revenue sharingRevenue sharing is an agreement where sports leagues or teams distribute a portion of their total revenues among all franchises.Sports Media Rights
Reverse repo facilityThe Federal Reserve's overnight reverse repurchase agreement (ON RRP) facility allows eligible counterparties to lend cash to the Fed overnight against Treasury securities.Federal Reserve
Risk-on / risk-offRisk-on/risk-off describes periods when investors broadly favor riskier assets or flee to safer ones, influencing market trends.Earnings
Robo-advisorA robo-advisor is an automated digital platform providing financial planning services and portfolio management with minimal human intervention.Earnings
Robo-advisor (AI)A robo-advisor uses algorithms and artificial intelligence to provide automated, low-cost financial planning and investment management services.Artificial Intelligence
RobotaxiA robotaxi is an autonomous vehicle designed to operate as a self-driving taxi service without a human driver.Artificial Intelligence
RollupA rollup is a Layer 2 scaling solution that executes transactions off-chain, bundles them, and then posts a compressed representation to the main Ethereum chain.Ethereum
Roth IRAA Roth IRA is an individual retirement account where contributions are made with after-tax money, allowing tax-free withdrawals in retirement.Earnings
Rug pullA rug pull is a malicious act where cryptocurrency project developers suddenly abandon a project, draining its liquidity and leaving investors with worthless tokens.Ethereum
Rules of originRules of origin are criteria used to determine the national source of a product, essential for applying tariffs, quotas, and trade agreements.Tariffs & Trade
Run rateRun rate estimates a company's annual financial performance by extrapolating current short-term results over a full year.Earnings
Runes protocolThe Runes protocol is a fungible token standard for Bitcoin, designed as a more efficient alternative to BRC-20 for creating tokens.Bitcoin
Runoff electionA runoff election is a second election held when no candidate achieves a required majority in an initial vote.Elections
Russell 2000The Russell 2000 is a stock market index tracking the performance of 2,000 small-capitalization U.S. companies.Earnings

S-1 registration statementAn S-1 registration statement is a comprehensive document filed with the SEC by a company or fund seeking to offer securities to the public.Crypto ETFs
S&P 500The S&P 500 is a market-capitalization-weighted index of 500 large U.S. publicly traded companies, widely considered a benchmark for the U.S. stock market.Earnings
Safe haven assetA safe haven asset is an investment expected to retain or increase in value during periods of market turbulence or economic uncertainty.Federal Reserve
Sahm ruleThe Sahm Rule is a recession indicator that triggers when the three-month moving average of the unemployment rate rises by 0.5 percentage points or more above its 12-month low.Federal Reserve
Salary capA salary cap is a limit on the total amount of money a professional sports team can spend on player salaries in a given season.Sports Media Rights
SALT deductionThe SALT deduction allows taxpayers to deduct state and local taxes (SALT) paid from their federal taxable income.Donald Trump
Same-store salesSame-store sales measure the revenue generated by retail stores that have been open for a specific period, typically a year or more.Earnings
SanctionsSanctions are punitive measures, typically economic, imposed by one country or group of countries on another nation, entity, or individual.Tariffs & Trade
Sanctions reliefThe easing or removal of economic and political penalties imposed on a country or entity, typically in exchange for policy changes.Middle East
Sandbox (regulatory)A regulatory sandbox is a framework established by regulators to allow companies to test innovative products, services, or business models in a controlled environment.Crypto Regulation
SatoshiSatoshi refers to the anonymous creator(s) of Bitcoin and also the smallest unit of Bitcoin, equal to one hundred millionth of a Bitcoin.Bitcoin
Scaling lawsScaling laws are empirical observations describing how the performance of large AI models improves predictably as compute, data, and parameters increase.Artificial Intelligence
Secondary offeringA secondary offering is when existing shares of a company are sold by large shareholders, not the company itself, to the public.Earnings
Secondary sanctionsSecondary sanctions target third-party entities and individuals that engage in certain transactions with a primary sanctioned country or entity.Tariffs & Trade
Section 301 investigationA Section 301 investigation is a U.S. trade law tool allowing the President to impose tariffs or other restrictions on foreign countries deemed to engage in unfair trade practices.U.S.–China
Sector rotationSector rotation is an investment strategy involving moving capital between different industry sectors based on economic cycle expectations.Earnings
Securities and Exchange CommissionThe SEC is a US government agency tasked with protecting investors, maintaining fair markets, and facilitating capital formation.Crypto Regulation
Securities fraudSecurities fraud involves deceptive practices in the stock or commodities markets that induce investors to make purchase or sale decisions based on false information.Crypto Regulation
Security tokenA security token is a digital asset representing ownership or economic rights in an underlying asset, like real estate or company shares, issued on a blockchain.Crypto Regulation
Security vs. commodityThis distinction categorizes digital assets as either regulated by the SEC as securities or by the CFTC as commodities.Crypto Regulation
Seed capitalSeed capital is the initial investment used to launch a new fund, allowing it to acquire its first assets and begin operations.Crypto ETFs
Seed phraseA seed phrase, also known as a recovery phrase, is a sequence of 12 to 24 words that can restore access to a cryptocurrency wallet and its funds.Bitcoin
SegWitSegWit, or Segregated Witness, is a Bitcoin protocol upgrade that separates transaction signature data from transaction data to increase block capacity.Bitcoin
Self-custodySelf-custody means an individual retains direct control over their cryptocurrency by holding their private keys, rather than relying on a third party like an exchange.Bitcoin
SemiconductorA semiconductor is a material, typically silicon, with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator, forming the basis of modern electronics.Semiconductors
Semiconductor equipmentSemiconductor equipment refers to the specialized machinery and tools used to manufacture semiconductor devices, from wafer processing to final packaging.Semiconductors
Senate confirmationSenate confirmation is the process by which the U.S. Senate approves presidential nominations for federal positions.Elections
SequencerA sequencer is a special type of node that collects, orders, and batches transactions from a Layer 2 network before submitting them to the main Ethereum blockchain.Ethereum
Shadow bankingShadow banking refers to financial activities conducted by non-bank entities that perform bank-like functions but operate outside traditional banking regulations.Federal Reserve
ShardingSharding is a database partitioning technique applied to blockchains that divides a network into smaller, independent segments called shards to improve scalability.Ethereum
Share dilutionShare dilution occurs when a company issues new shares, decreasing the ownership percentage of existing shareholders and potentially lowering earnings per share.Earnings
Sharpe ratioThe Sharpe ratio measures the risk-adjusted return of an investment, comparing its return to the amount of risk taken.Earnings
Shipping insurance (war risk)Shipping insurance (war risk) is specialized coverage protecting vessels and cargo from losses due to acts of war, terrorism, piracy, or related hostilities.Middle East
Shipping ratesShipping rates are the costs charged by carriers to transport goods from one location to another, typically across international borders.Tariffs & Trade
Short interestShort interest is the total number of shares of a company's stock that have been sold short by investors but not yet repurchased.Earnings
Short positionA short position is the sale of a borrowed asset with the expectation that its price will fall, allowing the investor to buy it back cheaper.Earnings
Short squeezeA short squeeze occurs when a stock's price rapidly increases, forcing short sellers to buy shares to cover their positions, further accelerating the price rise.Earnings
Skinny bundleA skinny bundle is a smaller, more affordable package of live TV channels offered by streaming services, typically without a long-term contract.Sports Media Rights
SlashingSlashing is a penalty mechanism in Proof of Stake networks that confiscates a portion of a validator's staked cryptocurrency for misbehavior.Ethereum
Small capA company with a relatively small market capitalization, typically ranging from $300 million to $2 billion, often with higher growth potential and risk.Earnings
Smart contractA smart contract is a self-executing agreement with terms directly written into code on a blockchain, automatically executing when conditions are met.Ethereum
Sniper botA sniper bot is an automated program designed to detect and purchase newly listed cryptocurrency tokens almost instantly upon their availability on decentralized exchanges.Ethereum
Social Security trust fundThe Social Security trust fund holds reserves for Social Security benefits, funded by payroll taxes.Donald Trump
Soft forkA soft fork is a backward-compatible upgrade to a blockchain's protocol where new rules are stricter, allowing upgraded nodes to still interact with non-upgraded nodes.Ethereum
Soft landingA soft landing is a scenario where a central bank successfully slows economic growth and reduces inflation without causing a recession.Federal Reserve
SolanaSolana is a high-performance, open-source blockchain designed for decentralized applications and crypto projects, known for its high transaction throughput and low fees.Ethereum
Sovereign AIA national strategy to develop and control a country's own AI capabilities, including data, models, infrastructure, and talent, to ensure national security and economic independence.Semiconductors
Sovereign debtSovereign debt is money borrowed by a national government, typically issued in its own currency, to finance public spending or fulfill obligations.Federal Reserve
Sovereign wealth fundA sovereign wealth fund (SWF) is a state-owned investment fund composed of money derived from a country's surplus reserves.Earnings
SPACA SPAC, or special purpose acquisition company, is a shell company formed to raise capital through an IPO for the sole purpose of acquiring an existing private company.Earnings
Spare capacitySpare capacity in the oil market refers to the volume of crude oil production that can be brought online within a short period, typically 30 days.Middle East
Special electionA special election fills a political office vacancy outside of a regularly scheduled general election.Elections
Spin-offA spin-off is a corporate transaction where a parent company separates a division or subsidiary into a new, independent public company.Earnings
Sports sponsorshipSports sponsorship is a marketing strategy where a company provides financial or in-kind support to a sports entity in exchange for promotional rights.Sports Media Rights
SportsbookA sportsbook is a company or platform that accepts wagers on sports and other events, offering odds and paying out winnings.Sports Media Rights
Spot Bitcoin ETFA Spot Bitcoin ETF is an exchange-traded fund that directly holds Bitcoin, allowing investors to gain exposure to its price without owning the cryptocurrency itself.Crypto ETFs
StablecoinA stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value, typically pegged to a fiat currency like the US dollar.Stablecoins
Stablecoin issuerAn entity, typically a company, responsible for minting, burning, and maintaining the reserves that back a stablecoin, ensuring its peg to a fiat currency or other asset.Stablecoins
Stablecoin legislationStablecoin legislation refers to proposed or enacted laws designed to regulate the issuance, reserves, and operations of stablecoins.Crypto Regulation
Stablecoin redemptionThe process of exchanging a stablecoin for the underlying asset it claims to represent, typically fiat currency like the US dollar, held in reserve by the issuer.Stablecoins
Stablecoin supplyThe total number of a specific stablecoin's tokens in circulation at any given time, reflecting the overall demand for that stablecoin.Stablecoins
Stadium financingStadium financing refers to the methods used to fund the construction or renovation of sports venues, often involving public and private sources.Sports Media Rights
StakingStaking is the act of locking up cryptocurrency in a wallet to support a Proof of Stake blockchain, earning rewards in return.Ethereum
Staking ETFA staking ETF is an exchange-traded fund that invests in cryptocurrencies and actively participates in proof-of-stake consensus mechanisms to earn rewards.Crypto ETFs
Staking-as-a-serviceStaking-as-a-service allows users to delegate their cryptocurrency to a third-party provider who operates staking nodes on their behalf.Crypto Regulation
Stock buybackA stock buyback, or share repurchase, is when a company buys its own outstanding shares from the open market.Earnings
Stock splitA stock split increases the number of a company's shares while proportionally reducing the price per share, keeping total market value constant.Earnings
Stock-based compensationStock-based compensation is non-cash pay given to employees and executives, often in the form of stock options or restricted stock units.Earnings
Stock-to-flow modelThe stock-to-flow model is a quantitative model that attempts to predict Bitcoin's price based on its scarcity, comparing its existing supply to its annual production.Bitcoin
Stop-loss orderA stop-loss order is an instruction to sell a security if its price falls to a specified level, designed to limit potential losses.Earnings
Strait of HormuzThe Strait of Hormuz is a narrow, strategically vital waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the open ocean, through which a significant portion of the world's oil transits.Middle East
Strategic Bitcoin ReserveA Strategic Bitcoin Reserve is a government or corporate initiative to hold Bitcoin as a long-term asset, similar to traditional strategic reserves.Crypto Regulation
Strategic Petroleum ReserveThe Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is a U.S. government emergency stockpile of crude oil stored in underground caverns to mitigate supply disruptions.Middle East
Streaming rightsThe contractual permission for a media company to distribute live or on-demand sports content via online streaming platforms.Sports Media Rights
Suez CanalThe Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, enabling direct shipping between Europe and Asia.Middle East
Summary of Economic ProjectionsThe Summary of Economic Projections (SEP) is a quarterly report from the Federal Reserve detailing FOMC participants' forecasts for key economic variables and the federal funds rate.Federal Reserve
Super Bowl advertisingSuper Bowl advertising refers to commercials aired during the NFL's championship game, known for high costs and massive viewership.Sports Media Rights
Super PACA Super PAC is an independent political expenditure committee that can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money to support or oppose political candidates.Elections
Supply chainA supply chain is the entire network of individuals, organizations, resources, activities, and technologies involved in creating and delivering a product or service.Tariffs & Trade
Swing stateA swing state is a state where electoral support for the major political parties is roughly equal, making its outcome unpredictable in elections.Elections
Synthetic dataSynthetic data is artificially generated information that mirrors the statistical properties of real-world data without containing actual private or sensitive examples.Artificial Intelligence
Synthetic dollarA digital asset designed to maintain a value equivalent to one US dollar without directly holding US dollar reserves or being directly issued by a financial institution.Stablecoins

Taiwan StraitThe Taiwan Strait is a 110-mile-wide body of water separating mainland China from the island of Taiwan, a critical geopolitical flashpoint.U.S.–China
Tape-outTape-out is the final stage of the integrated circuit design process where the completed chip design is sent to a foundry for manufacturing.Semiconductors
TaprootTaproot is a Bitcoin soft fork upgrade from 2021 that enhances privacy, efficiency, and flexibility for complex transactions by improving how signatures are handled.Bitcoin
Tariff authorityThe legal power of the U.S. President, often delegated by Congress, to impose taxes on imported goods, affecting international trade and domestic industries.Donald Trump
Tariff exemptionA tariff exemption is a waiver that allows specific goods or importers to avoid paying duties typically imposed on imports.Tariffs & Trade
Tariff pass-throughTariff pass-through refers to the extent to which the cost of an import tariff is absorbed by the importer or passed on to consumers as higher prices.Tariffs & Trade
Tariff revenueTariff revenue is the income collected by a government from taxes imposed on imported goods.Tariffs & Trade
Tax cutsTax cuts reduce the amount of money individuals or corporations owe to the government, aiming to stimulate economic activity.Donald Trump
Tax on tipsThe tax on tips refers to the income tax and payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare) employees must pay on gratuities received.Donald Trump
Tax reporting (Form 1099-DA)Form 1099-DA is a proposed IRS tax form for brokers to report digital asset transactions and other information to taxpayers and the IRS.Crypto Regulation
Tax-loss harvestingTax-loss harvesting is selling investments at a loss to offset capital gains and potentially reduce taxable income.Earnings
Term premiumTerm premium is the additional compensation investors demand for holding a longer-term bond compared to rolling over a series of shorter-term bonds.Federal Reserve
TestnetA testnet is a replica of a blockchain network used for development and testing new features, upgrades, or decentralized applications without using real cryptocurrency.Ethereum
TetherTether (USDT) is the largest fiat-backed stablecoin, aiming to maintain a 1:1 peg to the US dollar through reserves.Stablecoins
Ticker symbolA ticker symbol is a unique abbreviation used to identify publicly traded securities on a stock exchange.Earnings
Ticket resale marketThe ticket resale market is where previously purchased event tickets are sold by original buyers to new buyers, often at variable prices.Sports Media Rights
TikTok divestitureTikTok divestiture refers to the potential forced sale of the popular short-form video app TikTok by its Chinese parent company, ByteDance, to a non-Chinese owner.U.S.–China
TIPSTreasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) are U.S. government bonds whose principal value adjusts with inflation, protecting investors' purchasing power.Federal Reserve
Token burnA token burn is the permanent removal of cryptocurrency tokens from circulation, typically by sending them to an unspendable address.Ethereum
Token unlockA token unlock is the scheduled release of previously restricted cryptocurrency tokens into the market, often from a vesting schedule.Ethereum
TokenizationTokenization is the process of converting rights to an asset or a fungible value into a digital token on a blockchain.Stablecoins
Tokenized depositsTokenized deposits are digital representations of traditional bank deposits, issued on a blockchain by regulated financial institutions.Stablecoins
Tokenized stocksTokenized stocks are digital tokens representing shares of traditional company stock, traded on a blockchain.Stablecoins
Tokenized TreasuriesTokenized Treasuries are digital tokens on a blockchain that represent ownership or a claim on US Treasury bills or other government debt.Stablecoins
TokenomicsTokenomics describes the economic model of a cryptocurrency, encompassing its supply, distribution, utility, incentive structures, and governance mechanisms.Ethereum
Tokens (AI)Tokens (AI) are the fundamental units of text or data that large language models process and generate, representing words, subwords, or characters.Artificial Intelligence
TOPS and FLOPSTOPS (Trillions of Operations Per Second) and FLOPS (Floating-Point Operations Per Second) are metrics measuring the computational performance of processors.Semiconductors
Total addressable marketTotal Addressable Market (TAM) is the maximum revenue opportunity available for a product or service if 100% market share were achieved.Earnings
Total value lockedTotal Value Locked (TVL) is the aggregate value of all crypto assets deposited or staked in a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol or blockchain.Ethereum
Tracking errorTracking error measures how closely an ETF's performance mirrors its underlying index or asset, reflecting management effectiveness.Crypto ETFs
Trade deal frameworkA trade deal framework is an outline of the key principles, objectives, and structures that will guide future negotiations for a comprehensive trade agreement.Tariffs & Trade
Trade Promotion AuthorityTrade Promotion Authority (TPA), also known as "fast track," is a power granted by Congress to the President to negotiate trade agreements.Donald Trump
Trade surplusA trade surplus occurs when a country's total value of exports exceeds the total value of its imports of goods and services over a specific period.Tariffs & Trade
Trade truceA trade truce is a temporary agreement between countries to pause or de-escalate trade disputes, often involving a halt to new tariffs.U.S.–China
Trade warA trade war is an economic conflict between countries characterized by escalating tariffs or other trade barriers imposed on each other's goods.Tariffs & Trade
Trading haltA trading halt is a temporary suspension of trading for a specific security on an exchange, initiated to manage unusual market activity.Earnings
Training chipA powerful semiconductor, typically a GPU or AI accelerator, optimized for the computationally intensive process of developing and refining artificial intelligence models.Semiconductors
Transaction confirmationsTransaction confirmations are the number of blocks added to the blockchain after a specific transaction is included in a block.Bitcoin
Transaction hashA transaction hash, also known as a transaction ID, is a unique string of characters that identifies a specific transaction on a blockchain.Ethereum
Transfer portalThe transfer portal is an NCAA database allowing student-athletes to formally declare their intent to transfer to another institution, facilitating recruitment.Sports Media Rights
Transformer architectureTransformer architecture is a neural network design that processes sequences of data, like text, by weighing the importance of different parts of the input.Artificial Intelligence
TransshipmentTransshipment is the process of shipping goods through an intermediate country or port before reaching their final destination, often to consolidate cargo or bypass trade restrictions.Tariffs & Trade
Travel RuleThe Travel Rule is an anti-money laundering requirement for financial institutions to share specific originator and beneficiary information for transfers above a threshold.Crypto Regulation
Treasury auctionA Treasury auction is the process by which the U.S. Department of the Treasury sells new government debt securities to investors to finance government operations.Federal Reserve
Treasury billsTreasury bills (T-bills) are short-term debt securities issued by the U.S. government with maturities ranging from a few days to 52 weeks.Federal Reserve
Treasury bondsTreasury bonds are long-term, fixed-income debt securities issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury with maturities ranging from 10 to 30 years.Federal Reserve
Treasury holdings (China)China's Treasury holdings refer to the amount of U.S. government debt, primarily Treasury bonds, held by China's central bank and other state entities.U.S.–China
Treasury SecretaryThe Treasury Secretary is the head of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, responsible for managing federal finances and economic policy.Donald Trump
Trust-to-ETF conversionA trust-to-ETF conversion is the legal and structural process of transforming an existing investment trust into an exchange-traded fund.Crypto ETFs

U.S. sovereign wealth fundA hypothetical fund proposed to be established by the U.S. government, investing state-owned assets globally to generate returns, similar to funds in other nations.Donald Trump
Unemployment rateThe unemployment rate is the percentage of the total labor force that is jobless but actively seeking employment and available to work.Federal Reserve
Unhosted walletAn unhosted wallet, also known as a self-custodial or non-custodial wallet, gives users sole control over their private keys and digital assets.Crypto Regulation
UnicornA unicorn is a privately held startup company valued at $1 billion or more.Earnings
Unit economicsUnit economics analyzes the revenues and costs associated with a company's individual business unit, such as a customer or product.Earnings
USD CoinUSD Coin (USDC) is a fiat-backed stablecoin managed by Circle and Coinbase, designed to maintain a 1:1 peg with the US dollar.Stablecoins
USMCAThe USMCA, or United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, is a free trade agreement between the three North American nations that replaced NAFTA in 2020.Tariffs & Trade
Utility tokenA utility token is a digital asset that provides access to a product or service within a specific blockchain ecosystem or decentralized application.Ethereum
UTXOA UTXO, or unspent transaction output, is the fundamental unit of value on the Bitcoin blockchain, representing a quantity of bitcoin available to spend.Bitcoin

ValidatorA validator is a node operator in a Proof of Stake network responsible for verifying transactions and proposing new blocks.Ethereum
Value investingAn investment strategy focused on buying assets that appear to be trading for less than their intrinsic or book value, often overlooked by the market.Earnings
Variable interest entityA Variable Interest Entity (VIE) is a legal structure used by Chinese companies to bypass foreign ownership restrictions, particularly for listing on overseas exchanges.U.S.–China
Venture capitalVenture capital is a form of private equity financing provided by venture capital firms or funds to startups and early-stage companies with high growth potential.Earnings
Vesting scheduleA vesting schedule is a predetermined timetable that dictates when and how cryptocurrency tokens are released to early investors, team members, or advisors.Ethereum
VigVig, short for vigorish, is the commission or fee charged by a sportsbook on a bet, also known as "juice" or "the house edge."Sports Media Rights
Vision language modelA vision language model (VLM) is an AI model that understands and generates content from both image and text inputs, bridging visual and textual information.Artificial Intelligence
VIXThe VIX, or Volatility Index, is a real-time market index representing the market's expectation of 30-day forward-looking volatility for the S&P 500.Earnings
Voice AIVoice AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that can understand, process, and generate human speech, enabling natural language communication.Artificial Intelligence
VolatilityVolatility measures the rate and magnitude of price fluctuations for a financial asset over a period, indicating its riskiness.Earnings
Voter turnoutVoter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election.Elections

WaferA wafer is a thin, circular slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, on which integrated circuits are fabricated.Semiconductors
Wage growthWage growth is the rate at which average earnings for workers increase over a specific period, reflecting changes in compensation.Federal Reserve
Wallet drainerA wallet drainer is malicious software or a script designed to trick users into signing a transaction that empties their cryptocurrency wallet.Ethereum
Wash sale ruleThe wash sale rule prohibits investors from claiming a tax loss on a security if they buy a "substantially identical" one within 30 days before or after the sale.Crypto Regulation
Wash tradingWash trading is a form of market manipulation where an investor simultaneously buys and sells the same financial instrument to create misleading trading volume.Crypto Regulation
Wealth effectThe wealth effect describes how changes in household asset values, like stocks or real estate, influence consumer spending.Federal Reserve
Wells noticeA Wells notice is a formal letter from a US financial regulator, like the SEC or CFTC, informing a company or individual of potential enforcement action.Crypto Regulation
Whisper numberA whisper number is an unofficial, often higher, earnings per share estimate privately circulated among traders and analysts before an official announcement.Earnings
WhitepaperA whitepaper is a detailed document outlining the purpose, technology, tokenomics, and roadmap of a cryptocurrency project or blockchain protocol.Ethereum
Wire fraudWire fraud is a federal crime involving any scheme to defraud others using electronic communications, such as email, phone, or the internet.Crypto Regulation
World Trade OrganizationThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization regulating international trade, aiming to ensure trade flows as smoothly and predictably as possible.Tariffs & Trade
Wrapped BitcoinWrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) is an ERC-20 token on the Ethereum blockchain representing Bitcoin, allowing Bitcoin's value to be used in Ethereum's decentralized finance ecosystem.Bitcoin
WTI crudeWTI crude, or West Texas Intermediate, is a light, sweet crude oil benchmark primarily produced in the U.S., serving as the main U.S. oil price indicator.Middle East

Year-over-yearYear-over-year (YoY) compares a financial metric from a period in the current year to the same period in the previous year.Earnings
Yen carry tradeThe yen carry trade is a specific carry trade where investors borrow Japanese Yen, a historically low-interest-rate currency, to invest in higher-yielding assets elsewhere.Federal Reserve
YieldThe income an investment generates, typically expressed as an annual percentage of its current market value or face value.Earnings
Yield curveThe yield curve is a line that plots the yields (interest rates) of bonds with equal credit quality but differing maturity dates.Federal Reserve
Yield farmingYield farming is the practice of strategically moving cryptocurrency assets between various decentralized finance protocols to maximize returns or earn new tokens.Ethereum
Yield-bearing stablecoinA yield-bearing stablecoin is a stablecoin that generates a return for its holders, typically by investing its underlying reserves or through DeFi protocols.Stablecoins
Yuan devaluationYuan devaluation is a deliberate action by China's central bank to weaken its currency, the yuan (CNY), against other major currencies.U.S.–China

Zero-click searchZero-click search occurs when a user's query is fully answered directly on the search results page without needing to click any links.Artificial Intelligence
Zero-day optionsZero-day options, or 0DTE, are options contracts that expire on the same day they are traded, offering extremely short-term, high-leverage bets.Earnings
Zero-knowledge proofA zero-knowledge proof is a cryptographic method where one party can prove to another that they know a secret without revealing any information about the secret itself.Ethereum
ZK-rollupA ZK-rollup processes transactions off-chain and provides a cryptographic "zero-knowledge proof" of their validity to the main Ethereum chain.Ethereum

Definitions are written for durability, not for the day’s prices, and are reviewed under the Gokhshtein Media editorial standards. Nothing here is investment advice. Wrong or missing term? content@gokhshtein.com.